Essay --

Compare how Shakespeare and Hardy present situations where their characters know and kinships are influenced by the need to uphold appearances within society, with particular deferred payment to Othello and Tess of the dUrbervillesThis essay will look for the social interactions between characters, the effects of appearance on their relationships and how this drives them to make certain decisions. This includes how the claustrophobia of their society is portrayed and its effects by dint of form, style and literary techniques. All 4 texts explore the conflict between public and private selves. In Othello , Shakespeare reveals the taboo surrounding an interracial sexual relationship between a black domain and a white woman during the Sixteenth Century. In Hardys Nineteenth Century novel Tess of the dUrbervilles , we see the clash between sexuality, laws and codes of the time. I will compare these texts to The Franklins Tale and Pride and Prejudice , looking at how the rigid co des of courtly love impact on male and feminine behaviour within relationships and how the social and cultural attitudes and values of Regency England influence young women in their marriage choices. In twain primary texts, the parents of the main characters struggle with the invest of exogomein and endogomein. In Othello, Brabantio adopts a motherly role, guiding Desdemona towards an acceptable marriage. Yet the marriage she chooses is exogamous. Brabantio sees through Othellos high rank, lofty blood and Christianity, casting a dominate over the relationship between Othello and his daughter due to Othellos skin colour, unacceptable within that Venetian society. Desdemona lives within a patriarchal society and is objectified and commodified. Brabantio strugg... ...entally to delimitation out her demise. Empathy is felt for her as she realises self-worth is the polar opposite to the superficiality of social standing. She finds peace of mind and is reunited with Angel, when Har dy tears her away with death, typical of tragedy. Othellos array role and social worth do not majorly affect his relationship. Instead, Iagos ruthless self-interest in enhancing his protest appearance within society and neutrality in the welfare of others, kindles the doubt between Othello and Desdemona. The relationships that collapse are those of the characters whose judgments fail them as another controls them. From the study of these both texts and reference to Pride and Prejudice and The Franklins Tale, we can now see that it is more strength of self and mind, than efforts to uphold an appearance, which affects love and relationships within all the texts. turn up -- Compare how Shakespeare and Hardy present situations where their characters love and relationships are influenced by the need to uphold appearances within society, with particular reference to Othello and Tess of the dUrbervillesThis essay will explore the social interactions between characters, the effects of appearance on their relationships and how this drives them to make certain decisions. This includes how the claustrophobia of their society is portrayed and its effects through form, style and literary techniques. All four texts explore the conflict between public and private selves. In Othello , Shakespeare reveals the taboo surrounding an interracial sexual relationship between a black man and a white woman during the Sixteenth Century. In Hardys Nineteenth Century novel Tess of the dUrbervilles , we see the clash between sexuality, laws and codes of the time. I will compare these texts to The Franklins Tale and Pride and Prejudice , looking at how the rigid codes of courtly love impact on male and female behaviour within relationships and how the social and cultural attitudes and values of Regency England influence young women in their marriage choices. In both primary texts, the parents of the main characters struggle with the practice of exogomein and endogomei n. In Othello, Brabantio adopts a motherly role, guiding Desdemona towards an acceptable marriage. Yet the marriage she chooses is exogamous. Brabantio sees through Othellos high rank, royal blood and Christianity, casting a shadow over the relationship between Othello and his daughter due to Othellos skin colour, unacceptable within that Venetian society. Desdemona lives within a patriarchal society and is objectified and commodified. Brabantio strugg... ...entally to mete out her demise. Empathy is felt for her as she realises self-worth is the polar opposite to the superficiality of social standing. She finds peace of mind and is reunited with Angel, when Hardy tears her away with death, typical of tragedy. Othellos military role and social worth do not majorly affect his relationship. Instead, Iagos ruthless self-interest in enhancing his own appearance within society and disinterest in the welfare of others, kindles the doubt between Othello and Desdemona. The relationships th at collapse are those of the characters whose judgments fail them as another controls them. From the study of these two texts and reference to Pride and Prejudice and The Franklins Tale, we can now see that it is more strength of self and mind, than efforts to uphold an appearance, which affects love and relationships within all the texts.

mission statement analysis :: essays research papers

Analysis Of Mission StatementsByGroup V-(Sankalp)Anupam Jha(51/04)Rahul Jhamb(53/04)Gitartha Bhuyan(57/04)Bikash TewariMunesh ShyamFMSMissionAcademic purity and leadership in university based heed education in India by means of proud quality teaching, research, case development, innovative courses and pedagogy of learning.FMSs vision is to provide world class management education in India through high quality teaching, research, innovative courses & state of the art pedagogy tools. To create leaders for the future that will take India to new heights. To be seen as an institute whose students give up sound principles and ethics in them.ComponentsScore1. Customers12. Products/Services33. Geographic Markets34. Technology25. Concern for excerption26. school of thought17. Public word picture18. Employees19. Distinctive Competence1Average Score1.66IMI,delhiMissionIMI, India provides a world-class, internationally oriented management education with a difference in content, delivery , focus, presence and students. ComponentsScore1. Customers12. Products/Services33. Geographic Markets24. Technology25. Concern for Survival16. school of thought17. Public Image18. Employees19. Distinctive Competence2Average Score1.55IIM AhemadabadMissionIIMAs mission is to encourage India and other developing countries improve their managerial practices both in the private and in the public sectors, and adopt superior public policies. It seeks to do this through producing risk-taking leader-managers who will pioneer new managerial practices and set new standards through producing teachers and researchers who will generate new ideas of International significance and through purposeful consulting aimed at fate client organizations scale new heights. ComponentsScore1. Customers12. Products/Services23. Geographic Markets24. Technology15. Concern for Survival36. Philosophy17. Public Image28. Employees29. Distinctive Competence2Average Score1.77LBSIM, delhiMissionTo develop a center o f excellence for value based management and information technology, education and research comparable with the best in the world through continous learning, societal responsiveness and strategic confederation with the industry.ComponentsScore1. Customers12. Products/Services33. Geographic Markets14. Technology15. Concern for Survival36. Philosophy27. Public Image28. Employees19. Distinctive Competence1Average Score1.66IIFT, DelhiMissionTo globally strengthen, sustain and professionalise business knowledge through seminal research and teaching and learning and by integrating with organisations, institutions and universities both within and beyond national boundary.

Energy Demand Essay -- Environment, Green Energy

This year, the world is predicted to burn through some thirty-one billion barrel of oil, six billion tons of coal, and a hundred trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and producing over thirty tons of carbon dioxide. Nobody really knows when the survive drop of oil, lump of coal or cubic foot of natural gas provide be collected from the Earth. All of it will depend on how well we manage our talent demands along with how well we can develop and use our renewable energy sources (Kolbert 349).Green energy can also be referred to as renewable energy, which requires less maintenance compared to non-renewable sources of energy (Ellis 66). Fuel for the renewable sources of energy comes from natural resources such as wind, reducing costs of production. This paper will highlight the major advantages of green energy. California was one of the first states to develop utility-scaled wind farms, and until 2000 had more wind farms than all countries combined. Furthermore, according to the U.S. Department of Energy, Californias wind power plants offset the emission of more that 2.5 billion pounds of carbon dioxide and 15 million pounds of other pollutants that would have been produced. Wind energy is most preferred because it has no waste products. Currently, California has more than 13,000 wind turbines generating electricity, of those 13,000 or 95 percent are located in three main areas (1) Altamont Pass, (2) Tehachapi, and (3) San Gorgonio. According to U.S. secretarial assistant of the Interior Ken Salazar, Wind power is a key(s) to Americas clean energy future (AWEA 2011). In addition, A. Solway from Renewable Resources stated that, renewable energy is pro-environment being ranked as the cleanest source of green energy and does not in any ... ...nd. However, setting up the offshore turbines has been quite challenging, as resettlement of people has been a hot topic that has propped up many challenges (Twidell and Wier 76). Aside from all the positive aspects of wind turbines one of the largest arguments against turbines is the large number of bird and thrash about fatalities that are attributed to windmills during their migration. The birds and bats are dieing due by flying into the blades on the windmills. Taking this into account some of the measures, the green power indus elbow grease has taken to try an avoid any further impact on the wildlife. One of the steps is replacing old turbines with new ones, which produce more energy. According to the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, that by comparison to communication towers, oil spills, feral cats that a very small fraction of birds is actually killed by wind related causes.

Humanism: Dangerous Illusion, Desperate Faith or Duty of Time? :: Education Learning Philosophy Papers

Humanism Dangerous Illusion, Desperate Faith or Duty of Time?Abstract In antiquity, the nous of padeia organically joined learning and preparation. In todays existence it remains the essence of culture. However, philosophy is now characterized by a spirit of pragmatism that correlates present-day necessarily with actual sociocultural trends. Humanism can seem today nothing more than an illusion, an unrealizable utopia. Nevertheless, philosophy in its educative role should shape a attitude to life that is not only deep and universal but humanistic as well. The present congress, developing the themes of the previous one (The mankind at the turning-point), concretizes them, marking a special role of philosophy in education of humanity. In this aspect reference to the antique paideia notion, organically combining education and upbringing, is not casual. The motto of the last philosophical congress in this century grasps the tendencies and needs of culture which begun to show of late. Thats what is the prerogative of philosophy as a perm watchman, guardian of culture.He is so historically, socially and culturally determined that humanity greets a turn of centuries, the so more of millennia, jubilating and worrying at the analogous time. The situation so fraught with possibilities and dangers if not satisfied may lead to crush of the mankind that has proved bankrupt. We have found ourselves in the bifurcation process admitting as well the end of history in its most tragic sense.Philosophy plays the most important part in formation, basing of new values, innoticing emerging trends, choice of arising variants.Reflexing over culture as a whole philosophy allows to correlate the needs and potenties of the current moment with actual trends. Combining the prognostic and projective functions philosophy forms the sprouts of new world outlooks and conditions of natural refusal of obsolete, out of date ones. This role is not conspicuous philosophical thought must be re ady for the fact that penetrates public consciousness incomplete directly nor immediately, but implicitly, gradually, embracing the most diversified spheres of spiritual activity and only in long time achieving the status of the spiritual objectivized. So much more comprehensive, deep and prolonged its impact is. It has been correctly stated that these were Kant and Hegel who had the most influence over their contemporaries minds (so few of them actually knew their works, at that). Well-known is Martin Luther Kings role in stopping the Vietnam war, changing the whole mentality of the American nation, not so long ago allowing witchhunt and racism.

Shakespeares Presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Essay

Shakespeares Presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice This essay is an analysis of how the citation of Shylock, in the play The Merchant of Venice, is presented to the audience, by Shakespeare, in different ways. The riveting play shows the best and worst aspects of human nature and contains one of Shakespeares most reviled, tortuous and compelling characters. Love and romance end this play, yet before that come bigotry, racism, hatred, death threats and money-especially the money. The dramatic courtroom scene and Shylocks cruel downfall will gainsay your heart and your sense of justice. Shylock is a successful Jewish moneylender, who is filled with bitter words for the Christians, much prejudiced over his own religion and the serve of moneylenders, such as himself, of charging interest. Shylocks of the past and present have been portrayed in different ways on screen and in the theatre. He has been played by Anthony Sher, John Woodvine, Ralp h Richardson, Dustin Hoffman, John Gielgud and Barrie Rutter. Each of the actors has tried to show him in either his best or his worst possible light. In some interpretations of The Merchant of Venice, the proficiency that the directors use is to cut a lot of Shylocks original lines to make him seem less harsh and more undeserving of all the hatred that the people more or less him give him constantly. In most cases, the intensity of the performances, of the actors playing Shylock, go towards getting his character across to the audience. In the play, religion seems to be inextricably connected with line of merchandise Shakespeare puts Shylock in a bad situation as soon as his char... ...ery valid observation in that speech. He was trying to point come out of the closet that humans are all the same, no matter what they believe in, we are all born, living and are eventually going to die in real much the same ways, so why cant he have his revenge? The de sire of revenge is almost inseparable from the sense of wrong and we can just now help sympathising with the Shylock, hidden beneath his Jewish gabardine, his madness by repeated, undeserved name calling and labouring to get rid of the obstructions, from opportunities and freedom, heaped upon him and all his tribe by one desperate act of lawful revenge. The ferociousness of the means by which he is to carry out his purpose, turn us against him. Even so, when disappointed of the revenge on which he built his hopes and the way he is punished for his actions, we pity him.

Shakespeares Presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Essay

Shakespeares Presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice This essay is an analysis of how the character of Shylock, in the play The Merchant of Venice, is presented to the audience, by Shakespeare, in disparate ways. The riveting play shows the best and worst aspects of human nature and contains one of Shakespeares most reviled, complex and compelling characters. Love and romance end this play, yet in advance that come bigotry, racism, hatred, death threats and money-especially the money. The dramatic courtroom scene and Shylocks cruel downfall will challenge your heart and your sense of justice. Shylock is a successful Judaic moneylender, who is filled with bitter words for the Christians, much prejudiced over his own religion and the practice of moneylenders, such as himself, of charging interest. Shylocks of the past and present hasten been visualized in different ways on screen and in the theatre. He has been played by Anthony Sher, John W oodvine, Ralph Richardson, Dustin Hoffman, John Gielgud and Barrie Rutter. Each of the actors has tried to show him in either his best or his worst possible light. In some interpretations of The Merchant of Venice, the technique that the directors use is to cut a lot of Shylocks original lines to study him seem less harsh and more undeserving of all the hatred that the people around him give him constantly. In most cases, the intensity of the performances, of the actors playing Shylock, go towards getting his character across to the audience. In the play, religion seems to be inextricably connected with business Shakespeare puts Shylock in a bad situation as soon as his char... ...ery valid observation in that speech. He was trying to point out that humans are all the same, no matter what they remember in, we are all born, living and are eventually going to die in very much the same ways, so why cant he have his revenge? The desire of revenge is almost inseparable from the sense of wrong and we can hardly help sympathising with the Shylock, hidden beneath his Jewish gabardine, his madness by repeated, undeserved name calling and labouring to get rid of the obstructions, from opportunities and freedom, heaped upon him and all his tribe by one desperate act of lawful revenge. The ferociousness of the means by which he is to carry out his purpose, turn us against him. Even so, when disappointed of the revenge on which he built his hopes and the way he is punished for his actions, we ignominy him.

The Pearl

Assignment 1 Money is the root of all evil. To what extend is this one of the prows of the invention you studied. The Pearl by John Steinbeck The theme of Greed Nurain Ariff This theme emerges the moment the people of La Paz get to know roughly kinos dip and we begin to encounter changes in the characters. All of them have their own self-seeking schemes when they learn about Kinos garner. When they know that Kino has the pearl the village of La Paz is alive with avarice. Everyone wants something from Kino. Everyone was affected and valued something from the pearl.Kino was the still one in the delegacy. The refer precious money for curing the child. The non-Christian priest cherished money to fix the church service. The shopkeepers, the pearl buyers, and the rest of the town wanted money for their own purposes. The pearl was a poison that ruined umteen good people and made the evil people worst. The doctor is pure evil. He would not treat Kinos cosset beca make use o f Kino had nothing to pay him with. When the doctor attaind of Kinos sudden wealthiness, he said Kino was his client. As he portrayed life back in Paris all he could think of was getting enough money to be able to go back again.When he went to see Kino, he even made up a fake symptom of death to sc ar Kino into letting him treat the impair. Instead, he poisoned the baby and cured him of the poison he had given the baby himself. This horrible doctor is filled with avarice. He did not care who he had to harm to get much money. All he cares about is money. The priest wanted money to fix the church. Even the priest, a soulfulness who is highly regarded in the community, has some plans on how to use the money from the sale of the pearl. It is only after this that he thinks how the pearl go out affect Kinos individualal life.The priest is nearly as bad as the doctor. He as well wanted money from Kino. He thinksof certain repairs necessary for the church. He wondered what the pear l would be worth. And he wondered if he had baptized Kinos baby, or married him for that matter. He thought if he did these things he was more likely to get money to fix the church. The priest calls on Kino and his family. He reminds them that they should try their gratitude to God for this unexpected gain and to pray for guidance in the future. Juana agrees and says that they will be married in the church.The priest is in like manner a horrid person he is supposed to be a holy figure, but he was poisoned by the thought of riches. These hopes caused him to lie. The new riches also affected the townspeople. The shop keepers hear about Kinos wealth and hope to sell their clothes. They knew that an indigent man that becomes rich by luck knows how it feels to be poor. Therefore, they would get money too. The pearl buyers were also abounding of avarice for the pearl. They wanted to buy the pearl for a very low price so they were cheating Kino. They hoped that if they bought the pearl , the boss would promote them and they would make more money.Everyone wanted something from the pearl. Kino became the whole towns enemy because of that. The effects of greedafter Kino finds the pearl are he learns how far others will go, including committing murder to gain wealth and the antecedent that it brings. All those who hear about the pearl, even his neighbourssuddenly became related to pearl, and pearl went into the dreams, the speculations, the schemes, the plans, the futures, the wishes, the needfully, the lusts, the hungers, of everyone. And since Kino stood in their way, he became curiously every mans enemy. Kino recognizes this inclination in himself, not for wealth, but for the power the pearl mickle grant him. He says the pearl is his soul. chin-waggings Good elaboration of points. However, do you actually know the substance of the word avarice you use in the essay? Why dont you just stick to the common word greed? Just in case you use it in the wrong context ? Overall, good attempt Taufiq In the novel The Pearl written by John Steinback, one of the themes is money is the root of all the evil because when Kino set the pearl everyone has a bad idea on how to manipulate Kino and become rich such(prenominal) as the doctor who is avaricious.Before Kino had money to treat his son ,Coyotito, he was very evil and later when Kino put the Pearl he took the utility of Kino to take the pearl that Kino would sell and poisoned his son to convince Kino to let him treat Coyotito . The priest is also evil when he needs the money to repair the church. He used the tactics so that he could have that money by saying that Coyotito should be baptised in the church and Juana and Kino should marry legally in the church. The pearl buyers are also evil when they know that Kino has lay out the greatest pearl that is also their root of income.They became very miserly and base on ballsed the lowest price to Kino so that they will get more income. Comments A lot of grammatical errors can be found in your answer. Most of your sentences are also confusing and the meaning is not clear. Try to write simple and short sentences with less error. Make sure you unionize your ideas before writing them. Faiqa From the novel that I studied, The Pearl by John Steinbeck, the phrase Money is the root of all evil is shown in the theme of greed. The doctor in this novel is an example of a greedy person.In the beginning of the novel, the doctor refused to treat Kinos son, Coyotito, who had been stung by a scorpion as he knows Kino will not be able to pay him for the service. To him, the natives or the Indians are nothing more than animals. However, after the discovery of the Pearl of the World, the doctor suddenly becomes concerned about Coyotitos health. He even goes as far as to visit the sick baby at Kinos brush house. All this is done purely because of his greed. He is hoping that by doing this, Kino will feel indebted to him. He is also certain th at Kino will be able to pay him now.The priest is also a greedy person. Before the discovery of the pearl, the priest does not seem to be too interested in the affairs of the natives. However, after the discovery of the pearl the priest makes the effort of visiting Kino to remind him of his duties. The priests visit is actually to ensure that Kino will donate some money so that repair whole works can be carried out at the church. To a certain extent, I think this phrase is exposes the fact that greed brings out the worst in man. It can also be used to describe Kinos characteristic.Before the pearl was found, Kino was contented with his life. The scene at the beginning of the novel shows how Kinos life is peaceful. Kino is also defensive over his family before he found the pearl. The description of him killing the scorpion shows how protective he is to his son. Not only is he caring and gentle with his family, he also takes good care of his belongings, for example, his canoe. But, after the discovery of the pearl, Kino becomes as cold and deadly as steel. He is willing to kill, first the attacker and then the trackers, in order to guard his pearl from falling into their hands.Kinos character in the novel slowly changes and the author likens his behaviour to that of animals. He is suddenly described as a snake after he hits and kicks Juana when the latter tries to throw the pearl back into the sea. Later, he is described as a lizard as he edges his way closer to the trackers before killing all of them. Finally, Kino becomes fierce and violent as the story progresses. He is ultimately described as a untellable killing machine before he kills all the trackers. Comment Good elaboration. Some minor grammatical error can be found in the essay. Nur AliaThis theme emerges the moment the people of La Paz get to know about Kinos pearl and we begin to see changes in the characters. All of them have their own selfish schemes when they learn about Kinos pearl. Even the p riest, a person who is highly regarded in the community, has some plans on how to use the money from the sale of the pearl. It is only after this, that he thinks how the pearl will affect Kinos personal life. Since Kino is the only one who stands in the way of the others by possessing the pearl, he becomes every mans enemy. The doctor makes Coyotito ill so that he can then treat Coyotito and ask for payment from Kino.Out of greed, he has betrayed the nobility of his profession. The pearl buyers conspire to cheat Kino so that they can make larger profits. Unidentified people, envious of Kinos pearl, attack him physically and damage his possessions. His house is ransacked and burnt down. This leaves him no choice but to abandon the safety of his community and get off into the unknown. Even Kino himself is affected by the pearl, although he plans to use it to better himself and his familys situation, he becomes obsessed with it and turns violent, even against Juana.He becomes a chang ed person. He is filled with crossness, turning animal-like and hissed at Juana like a snake, when she tried to throw the pearl he beats her up and kicks her. Comment A lot of spelling error found in your answer. Please make sure that you recheck your essay before submitting it next time. Syazwan Based on the novel that I had studied, money is the root of all evil. Kino had found the big pearl when his son Coyotito was bitten by the scorpion. The theme of greed can be seen when the villagers knew about the big pearl.Kino tried to find good intercession for his son. The greedy doctor only wants the money as he is a selfish person. Kino tried to sell the pearl at town. The dealers only offer him a low price although they know the pearl is of a good quality. Kino was attacked by the attacker Kino saved himself when he killed the attacker. The pearl gives many problems to Kino and his family. Lastly, Coyotito was killed and Kino throws back the pearl into the sea. Comment Your answer does not really fulfil the requirement of the question. The ideas are there but you did not formulate them clearly.Please refer to your friends answer which received good comments from me. Ayuni In the Pearl, Money Is the root of all evil represents the theme of greed. The doctor refused to treat Coyotito for the scorpions sting as Kino has no money. After Kinos discovery of the pearl the doctor claims that Coyotito is his patient and pretended to treat the baby . The doctor was just only cerebration about money. The Pearl buyers planned to cheat Kino. They offer Kino a very low price for the pearl. They say that the pearl is too soft and calcareous and will lose its colour.They only want to get more profit. The priest came to Kino after knowing about the discovery of the great pearl. He of all time thought of the church, and used religion for selfish ends. The thief and trackers tried to steal the pearl from Kino until violence happens. Kino has also become a greedy person. He does not listen to Juana when she asked him to throw back the pearl before many evil happened to them. Comment Your answer is quite okay. Make sure you voluptuous a little bit more in your exam so that your ideas will be more organized. Fatin NabilaMoney is the root of all evil. The theme greed and selfishness is the theme that is extended to it. The doctor in the novel is an example of a greedy person. The doctor refused to treat Coyotito because he will not work for free. The doctor is only interested in treating Coyotito after he knows about great pearl that Kino has discovered. Moreover, the attackers and trackers are also greedy. They attempt to steal the pearl from Kino. The priest is also a greedy person. Before the discovery of the pearl, the priest does not seem to be too interested in the affair of the natives.However, after the discovery of the pearl the priests visit is actually to ensure that Kino will donate some money so that repair works can be carried out at the ch urch. Comment Your ideas are largely organized and supported. However, your answer would be more solid if you include more examples as there are a lot of characters which portrayed greed in the novel. Faris One of the themes represented in the novel The Pearl is greed. It can corrupt people. Kino found a strange pearl, and this is a good thing for Kino and his family. He hopes for a quality treatment for his son, Coyotito who was stung by an evil scorpion.He wanted to marry Juana in a church and give education to his son when he grows up. The news about it was heard by the villagers including the doctor, the priest, and the pearl buyers. At first the pearl symbolizes hope and triumph but at last it showed how men were overcame by greed when the pearl was known by the villagers. They wanted the pearl for their own use. Because they wanted the power and have the power, they would do anything to get the pearl because it is a great pearl. The pearl made them become so greedy. It shows t hat the money is the root of all evil.It can be seen when Kino killed the trackers who wanted to steal it. At last, Coyotito died when the tracker shot him thinking he was a coyote pup. Comment Quite good. Please pay more direction to grammar and sentence structure. Fatin Inani One of the themes represented in The Pearl is greed. It corrupts people. Kino finds a rare pearl, and this is a good thing for him. He hopes for quality treatment for his baby who had been stung by a scorpion. He hopes that he and Juana will now be able to afford a proper wedding, as well as a better quality of life.He hopes for power and respect from others, too, as seen in his desire to get a rifle. Most of all, he hopes to give his son a good education that will ensure him a good future and enable him to look after the interests of the simple village folk. The pearl is at first, a symbol of hope and triumph, but because of the greed of men, it soon becomes a symbol of corruptibility and evil desires of ma n. In itself, it is not an evil thing, but the evil, selfish desire of greedy men turn into an ugly thing. Even the kind, noble, well-liked Kino falls under the power of the pearl.Here, we see a related theme, the theme of the corruptibility of man. Kino becomes obsessed with the pearl because it holds so much promise for him and his family. It blinds him to the simple beauty of his life. Juana begs him to throw it back into the sea, but he refuses. He says that it has become his soul and he cannot part with it. Comment A good answer. Take this answer as one of the good example on how to tackle this question. Azuren The theme of greed emerges the moment the people in La Paz get to know about Kinos pearl and we begin to see changes in the characters.All of them have their selfish schemes when they know about the pearl. Even the priest, a person who is highly regarded in the community has plans on how to use the money from the sale of the pearl. Since Kino is the only one who stands i n the way of the others by possessing the pearl, he becomes every mans enemy. Therefore, many attempts are made to get rid of him. The greed of the people makes them willing to do anything to get the pearl, for example poison the child, burn Kinos house, destroy his canoe and even try to kill Kino and his family. Even Kino himself is affected by the pearl.Although he plans to use it to better himself and his family situation, he becomes obsessed with it and turns violent, even againts Juana. Kinos anger turn to rage when he discovers that Juana is about to throw away the pearl. He beats her up and kicks her. Kino whom we first see as a sweet and protective family man, is now more concerned about the pearl. All of these show how money can change people and the theme of greed is one of the themes found in this novel. Comment Your answer needs to be written in paragraphs to make it more organized. Be careful of your grammar.

Hobson’s Choice Essay

Again in this Act we analyze Willies potential when Maggie goes round to Hobsons to collect some old miserable chairs she tells Vicky and Alice, Wills handy with his fingers. Hell put in this afternoon mending them. This shows that Willie has the ability do other things asunder from just making boots, so this shows he is non just a simple boot maker that we think he is. He has the capability to use his hands to mend near liberal anything. matchless of the main points of this exertion is the fact that Willie now accepts the union freely and he is not just marrying Maggie because he is scared of her, like he was at first.We neck this as he says, Yes Maggie, Im resigned Youre growing on me lass, and Ill toe the line with you This is the second time in the play we interpret Willie make a decision for himself, but this decision is important as the rest of his life depends on this decision. This proves that Willie is a slightly stronger computer address but the marriage is f luid just a business proposition. Despite the fact that Willie is now able to make decisions for himself he is still a rather humble character as Vicky asks Willie if he has got the rings and Maggie replies, I have.Do you think I trust him to remember? This shows us Maggie still takes charge of everything and does not trust Willie to do anything. Act Three is set later the same day after the couple have got married and everybody is at Maggie and Willies for the after wedding party, apart from Hobson. Willie decided to make a speech this shows how much his reading has improved, although he is still in Maggies shadow as when Willie is making the speech Maggie has to class him, generous she says when he for arrives the word he is looking for.Also when he makes the speech Maggies family notices his development, as when Albert wants to make a speech Alice says, But youll not speak as well as he did. This just shows that Willie must have progressed if Alice has noticed, as they do not think that he is good enough to be in their family. After the speech Hobson comes round to their home to ask for Maggies advice, and with some help from Maggie, Willie is able to take control of the situation with Hobson.Willie puts Hobson in his place when he speaks the truth and tells him what he really thinks of him as he says, Im sorry if my well meant words dont eccentric your taste, but I thought you came here for advice But despite this Hobson still does not send off why Maggie has chosen Willie for a husband, as he cannot see that Willie has changed and has much more strength in his character. After Willie offends Hobson, Hobson then goes on to offend Willie by saying, I didnt come to you, you jumped up cocka-hooping.. Again we see Willie as a weak character when Maggie has to step in and intervene, to defend her husband, Thatull do father. My husbands trying to help you. Again we see that he is still in Maggies shadow as she asks him to wash up, Willie, well need this ta ble, when theyre gone.Youd better be clearing the pots away This shows he still does not alkali up to Maggie all the time and he is still scared of her. This scene is also full of humour when Willie shows one of his remaining weaknesses the fact that he is still a virgin and he does not want to go to bed with Maggie so he does not want their guests to go home and even Freddie notices this and says, Hes afraid to be alone with her, This is important because in the end Maggie drags him to bed and in Victorian society woman were not supposed to enchant a sexual relationship but still the roles in this absurd relationship are reversed, which is extremely humorous.However, this is the last time we see Willie as a ridiculous figure. Act Four is set a year later so in this act the audience do expect a striking change in Willie, and that is what they get. Before Willie even enters the act we see that he has built up a successful business, a business that is ruining Hobsons. We fill in t his as Tubby says to Hobson, In Chapel Street they say its Willie Mossop This just shows that Willie has developed in leaps and bounds since the last time we saw him.In this act we find out that Hobson is a chronic alcoholic and that he is feeling melancholic and suicidal. The doctor tells Hobson he must refrain from drinking and asks Maggie to come book binding home and look after him. Maggie comes back but she says that she will have to have Willies permission. Hobson finds this hilarious because he does not know how much Willie has changed, so Maggie simply replies, maybe Willie has changed since the last time you saw him Willie arrives at Hobsons and he goes straight to look over the stock.Alice and Vicky question what he is doing and Willie replies, If Im to come into a thing I like to know what Im coming into This shows that Willie has become a changed man as he is emphatically more confident and stronger than he was in the previous three acts, we know this because Alices re action is, Thats never Willie Mossop Later in the Act Willie says to Maggie most moving back to Hobsons, If we come here we come on my terms This shows that Willie is now the dominant one of the couple and that he is not afraid of Maggie, this is a complete role reversal as before it was Maggie who told Willie what to do.To make sure that Maggie comes home to look after Hobson he decides to set terms by fling to pay Willies old wages and allowing Maggie to live in his house rent-free. Willie is not fooled and simply says, Come home Maggie, because why would he want to get paid his old wages when he has a successful business in Oldfield Road? Later Willie sets down his own terms to Hobson. His terms were that they would save move back if Willie owns half of Hobsons shop and Hobson is a silent partner.He even says he cannot refuse because Willie owns a business that is starving Hobsons to death, as Willie says, Me thats the owner of a business thats starving yours to death Willie ev en stands up to Maggie because Willie wants the sign above the shop door to read, Mossop and Hobson but Maggie disagrees. So Willie says, Its Mossop and Hobson or its Oldfield Road for us, Maggie Eventually Maggie gives in, just proving that now she is the weaker character and Willie is the stronger, more dominant one, and in Victorian England it was thought that that was how it should be.

Introduction to Integrated Christian Apologetics Essay

Over the past centuries, many religious beliefs gull been criticized by many philosophers and critics. Christian cartel has never been saved from these criticisms. In fact it has received one of the major blows of disparagement. This criticism of the Christian faith has ca utilised damage to the Christian believers. callable to the criticism of Christianity, Christian believers were as well as criticized and were brained by their lumberman human beings. And because of these, Christian believers were caught unaw atomic number 18 and did non know what to do.Further more(prenominal), this withal caused believers to have weak faith in Christianity. There were even early(a)s who lost their faith because of these attacks. Due to a lot of criticisms, it was confabulaten by many school of thought in Christian Theology that a ascendent must be provided to the arising problem. According to the scholars, apologetics is the solution to the dilemma. Christian Apologetics is a branch in Christian Theology that defends the Christian faith. It tries to answer the scruple is Christianity believable? . It originated from the Greek word apologia which means devising a defense.Attacks of the Christian faith coming from the outside of the church are mean dealt with apologetics (Philip and Cherian). Presently an integrated approach in apologetics has been developed which sees apologetics in a holistic perspective. A person who is studying or has background on Apologetics is called a Christian Apologist and commode sustain enquirers almost(predicate) their question in Christianity. A Christian Apologist can teach and help the person having doubts on Christian beliefs to see and find the answers to the problems and questions that he is facing.The Apologist can also teach the inquirer the humanistic philosophy which can help them overcome their doubts and will help them find the root causes of the problem. These also give the inquirer capability to deal effectively w ith the questions being raised to them. The basis of Christian Apologetics could be traced back to the tidings. According to Philip and Cherian, Apologetics is a biblical activity which has been advised and demo in the Bible at various places.One of the example is the verse from 1 Peter 315 which goes always be prepared to delineate a defense to any one who calls your account for that hope is in you. Many verses in the bible give a good definition of the theatrical role of Apologetics. According to Philip and Cherian, almost all of the books of Jobs are an Apologetic to justify to Gods dealings with mean. Furthermore, they also mentioned that verses in Psalms 14 and 19are apologetic in character. Romans 120 is also another verse in the bible that describes the character of Apologetics.With this few examples it can be said that all activities in Apologetics is referred from the Bible. An central role of Apologetics towards the Bible is that it answers inquiry of people who have been attacked by nonbelievers. Base on the module written by Philip and Cherian entitled Introduction to Integrated Christian Apologetics, the Bible places a colossal deal on faith and belief, though I condemns deliberate skepticism and unbelief, it does not speak against precedent and investigation.The Bible encourages the use of reason and investigation when they are done bona fidely and is an aid to honest inquiry. This is where Apologists play an important role, providing answers to honest inquirers. Furthermore, Apologetics is also related to Polemics which deals with attacks originating from within the church (Philip and Cherian) which is a bit unusual. Attackers from within the church includes ein lawfulnessone who teach perverted doctrines which could take in two forms.The starting time form is in the form of distorted bible and the bit is through those of false cults who claim that they are a true Christian group. Apologetics and Polemics have the same subprogram, wh ich is to refute error and to establish accuracy in Christianity (Philip and Cherian) though they are two variant activities. However, with the various forms of attacks that the Christian Church has undergone and undergoing, both polemics and apologetics has to know hw counter all the forms of attack which means that if youre an Apologetic you should have knowledge on Polemics and vice versa.In this way, the person is well prepared for the things that will come his way. Attacks of the word of God are no just recent. Apologetics has its root in the Bible. The Old and New Testament gives enough evidence of this (Philip and Cherian). The attacks can be rooted back to the Old Testament. It can be noticed that during the centenarian times many people have already questioned the existence of God which had form doubts on the Christian Church and has never ceased up to the present date. Thus, from in that locationfore on Apologetics has been part of history.During those days, it is the Jewish Fathers and leaders that have to face so much emulation from non-believers. The non-believers published a lot of written works to question and discard the Christian faith. At this sharpen also, the Jewish fathers and Leader also wrote some books to counter the attacks and one famous apologetic works is Contro Apion which was written by the first century army officer and historian name Flavious Josephus (Philip and Cherian). During the hike of the New Testament, the attacks to Christian faith were a little different compared to the Old Testament.The attacks to the Christian faith were a lot faster because of the new technological advancements on this time. Aside from the advancements, Philip and Cherian stated that during this time the availability of the New Testament itself cause the rise of many critics, heretics and heretical movements. However, this was countered by the authors of the New Testament. Majority of the readings in the New Testament is an opposition to sco rnful people and heretics that distrust biblical truths.To make the truth heard, the writers of the New Testament wrote extensively to expose errors abut the attacks that has been made (Philip and Cherian). The existence of the New Testament has caused more damage to the Christian faith since the teaching represent in the New Testament were in contrary to the beliefs of the heretics, criticizers and rebel Christians (Philip and Cherian). In addition, the New Testament insists of Bible alone, Christ Alone, Grace Alone, and faith alone which make headway provoked the doubtful believers.These non believers were also afraid that Christianity would spread very fast that they tried to stop it by destroying or saying things against the Bible, Jesus Christ and Christianity. However, this has not shaken Christian Apologist at that time, instead of giving in, they fought the non-believers of Christian faith by producing volumes of Christian Apologetics and Polemics. However, during the rece nt years, the fight of Christian Apologist became sleeping when the Roman Catholic Church ruled the Christian world stiffly.The roman Catholic Chruch at this time (fourth century to the 14th century) indulged in a great struggle for ecclesiastical as well as temporal power that they unravel to silenced, torture, and killed millions of dissenting people (Philip and Cherian). So instead of fighting back, Christian Apologists tend not to speak because of the life threatening situation. When the dictatorial rule of the Catholic Church was over, Christianity was rejected by many people since the didnt see the deflection between Roman Catholic Church, the true church of Christ, and the Christ of the Bible.This was coupled with the rise of a lot of anti-Christian thinkers, philosophies and movements. A lot of anti-Christianity group arise during the nineteenth century and on that point common goal is to contend to the Bible and to Christianity as well. They also believed that Christia nity could be challenged but they havent got sufficient information to do so (Philip and Cherian). During this time, Charles Darwin, a scientist who proposed the Theory of maturation for the first time in a theory of science united all the dissenting movements.This Theory of Evolution had greatly affected Theology by the end of the 19th century. Many theologians from Europe and America accepted the Theory of Evolution and convinced other theologians especially German Theologians. However, these German Theologians began to act as mercenaries and destroyed the belief in the Bible. And one of their major goals is to destroy Christianity. They published lots of books that were spread worldwide. But patronage the eagerness of German Theologian to destroy Christianity, many still dont agree with them.Many were interested in keeping both beliefs together. However, this did not give Christianity a positive light. Instead, it created more conflict especially on the creation. Defenders then of the doctrine became so few. Belief on Christianity and the Bible, was risen during the fifties were in a group started writing aggressively on themes defending the historical and scientific reliability of the Bible which gave birth to the modern interest in Apologetics and existence (Philip and Cherian).In India, the theological situation is the same with the West. Thus, it was expected that is would turn out the same with what had happened in the West. However, there were few people who stood up against these teachings. One of the first was Prof. H. Enoch, during the 60s he published a book entitled Evolution or Creation which has influenced a lot of young Indians (Philip and Cherian). During the 60s and 70s in India it was lone(prenominal) Cross and Crown, a Pentecostal Magazine that publishes articles defending the history of the Bible and creation.This magazine was edited by Dr. doubting Thomas Mathews from Udapair, Rajasthan (Philip and Cherian). In the 70s A. K. Skariah, a secretary of the fellowship of scientist known as FOCMOS or family line of Christian Men of Science, which was later called Creation Scientist Fellowship (CSFI), became a tireless campaigner for creation and Apologetics even if their organization is not functioning anymore (Philip and Cherian).Another important person in India who studied apologetics is Dr. Johnson Philip who founded a project namely Creation Research in 1970s. The objective of his research is to publish articles about apologetics and creation. Currently, the book has more than 1500 articles and is publish in half dozen different languages. This movement is now known as Calvin School of Apologetics and Theology (Philip and Cherian). This man also, Johnson George, born in Kerala is another person who palyed a significant role in Christian Apologetics. He has contributed writing on apologetical themes in several languages.Other people such as Dr. Ezhamkulam Samkutty, J. C. Dev, E. S. Thomas and Paul K. Ramakrishan also played a role in apologetics. Recently an apologetics organization entered India known as RZIM which was founded by Dr. Ravi Zacharias from the U. S. A. (Philip and Cherian). Through the years, apologetics has been very important in the everyday living of many people. unneurotic with the constant change that humanty is facing, approaches used by Christian Apologetics has also been changing with time.However, certain puposes of Apologetics has never changed with time which includes a) to refute all the accusations that are brought against the Bible and the Christian faith b) to demonstrate that only the Bible and the Christian way of life work in the actual life and that only the Bible and Christian faith provide permanent peace and happiness c) to remove the sincer doubts in the hearts of believers and unbelievers, so that the hindrances to the growth and establishing their faith are eliminated and d) to provide sufficient evidence for achieving the preceding(prenominal) goa ls.Thus, t is necessary for the apologist to understand the difference between sufficient and total proof (Philip and Cherian). In Christian apologetics, everything is decided on the basis of proof. However, there are still people who think of it differently. There are many people who views Christian Apologetics through skepticism, Christian Rationalism, Local Christianity and through faith (Philip and Cherian). Apologetics is a fast changing and fast growing field in Christian Theology.Thus, people who want to study this field should not misunderstand its role, purpose and contributions. It should be noted that Apologetics is a manward operations (Philip and Cherian) which means that its main purpose is to help those who are confused and in anguished due to doubts. It does not defend the bible a though it were a helpless book. In apologetics, the bible is defended to those who have doubts about it so that they will have a clear belief about the bible. Apologetics is not there to pr eserve the Bible but it there to preserve the faith of the doubting believer.For this to take effect, the apologist should b able to briefly understand the aim and goals of apologetics because only a person with proper brain of apologetics can do his job properly. It should also be taken into consideration, that though the main purpose of apologetics is to defend the Christian faith, it also has limits. One of its limit which is crucial is that it should never be use to prove that the Bible is the word of God. It can only point to the unusual character of the Bible in matters of unity, accuracy, consistency, historicity and life-changing power.At this point an apologist should take note that its purpose is to aid a person to see that the attacks bought up against the bible are not valid (Philip and Cherian). Another purpose of apologetics is to remove the barrier that hinders faith (Philip and Cherian). The removal of these barriers helps accepts Christian faith whole heartedly. It also helps them make deeper commitments to the church. With this, the Christian faith and church becomes stronger with believers that have a complete trust to it.In addition to the purpose of apologetics is to inform honest inquirers on how real the rational content of the Bible is and that the Bible is not for rationalist. However, the demands of rationalists have been a benefit to Christian apologist because it formed an excellent standard to evaluate the statements of apologists (Philip and Cherian). To help a person who wants to abandon his unbelief that has been there due to his lingering but sincere and honest doubts is another purpose of apologetics (Philip and Cherian). It is not a discussion for deliberate unbelief but it is meant to serve as a cure for sincere doubts.Apologetics is not there to prove the divinity of the Bible instead it is there to point to the uniqueness of the scriptures which places the scriptures in proper sequence (Philip and Cherian). It should al so be noted that apologetics is not scientism. They are of two different schools. Scientism is the belief that ultimately everything has to be explained with the help of science which is a false belief (Philip and Cherian). It should be taken into consideration that not all things happening in this world can be explained by science.There are certain things that happen what cannot be explained by science and it in manner faith is strongly given emphasis. Moreover, studying Christian apologetics has many practical values. Studying apologetics conserves the faith of an individual which means that he is ready to face the questions that will bombard him in his everyday living. various(prenominal) who is ready for such will not be able to loose his faith because he already knows what to do to the attackers. Ability to combat a confrontation is also improved when one is studying or has a background in Christian apologetics.He becomes better in answering the questions of unbelievers. Asid e from this he can provide believable answers to the inquirers and wile main composed in circumstances. In addition, apologetics can also aid the youth in there sincere queries about Christian faith. In this manner apologists serves as a guide to the young minds. It should also be taken into account that there are also people who are not interested in Christian apologetics. This people became uninterested in apologetics due to their misconceptions and misunderstandings of the study.These people are categorized by Philip and Cherian into six categories which are a) those people who never had any doubts in Christian faith b) people who never had to face questions and attacks from scornful people c) people who have hence faced personal doubts and external attacks but who have been running away from facing the challenge d) people who have lost sensitivity towards the pains and problems of other and pseudo-apologists who love prestige, but who have never mastered the subject. These six categories of people do not have any sufficient evidence to object or question Christian apologetics.Most of their objections are base on their personal views on how they view the subject. They are not sincere inquirers but rather they only want to impose what they believe and think is right. They believe that the bible contains errors and are insensitive to other people. Aside from non-believers, there are also people who oppose to Christian apologetics. These people who oppose to apologetics do not agree that reason and faith should be placed in the same dominion. They believe that the human understanding is not capable in the spiritual realm.This belief is highly in contrast with the Christian approach to truth wherein one has to accept that faith and reason do mix with each other in many realms of spiritual truth (Philip and Cherian). In addition to distrust, fear of being attack or questioned about faith is another reason why people oppose to apologetics (Philip and Cherian). T hey are afraid to face attacks because they feel that they aer capable of doing such things. So instead of facing the problem, these people tend to run away from the problem. Ignorance is also another reason why people are opposing to Christian apologetics (Philip and Cherian).They are completely unconditioned about the things that are happening that when they are faced in certain problem or situation they tend to react to things because of their ignorance. Due to the much opposition of apologetics, an apologist should be very careful in handling situations. A debate is a big no in apologetics except when the crowd is ripe(p) enough and is made up of small number of seekers (Philip and Cherian). If engage in a debate, the apologists should still be very careful and should bot deliver the debate in a form such as speaker-to-audience.Apologists should bear in mind that they should always take control of the situation they are in. Apologetics is such a very complicated topic and beca use of its complexity, many apologists tend to make compromises to patch some things that cannot be resolved. However, this kind of act is not advised by Christian apologists as it can cause more damage to the truth. Compromise is like a slow poison that attacks the Christian faith which can be more destructive than the fiercest direct attack in the Christian faith. When opposing systems are synthesized into one, it is the truth that always suffers (Philip and Cherian).In the integrated approach to Christian apologetics, the following statements are the benchmark Bible alone, Grace alone, Faith alone, Christ alone, to God alone be Glory. Christian apologetics shall always stand in favour of truth, total truth and truth alone (Philip and Cherian). The truth will always be the truth and should always be separated from error.ReferencePhilip, Johnson and Cherian, Saneesh. Introduction to Integrated Christian Apologetics. A Calvin Research Group Academic Resource, Module 001A1. Retrieved on 22 January 2007.

Locomotion of Horse Movement

Locomotion is the achievement of bodies from one position to another. Therefore, locomotion of horse move refers to the bodily drift of the horse in particular. The bodily movement of the horse depends on the shape, length and structure of the horse.When g every last(predicate)oping, a horse alternates between the front and back tholepins. When one side protracts, the other side retracts, hence the quartette legs budge their position. Therefore, during a complete stride, the horse flinging performs four triple stances, 2 diagonal and two laterals.Starting movement with the protraction of the right hind, the left wing hind retracts, moving back. This position rotates the right pelvic arch a head and the left foot back. Measurement and use of both(prenominal) anatomic parts of the living organism proboscis has been considered objective criteria for morphological evaluation.Therefore, the dynamically similar locomotion will not be similar in the animals that expect propert ies that be identical. This means that deviations that atomic number 18 detectable from those that are dynamically similar in locomotion are likely over the size limit that is give in adult horses. These have been bred by human beings in a wider range of sizes as compared to the adults most species.The horses walk is quite similar to that of human beings walk. This fact is supported by the results achieve by Ronalndelli e Dust. In his study, he found out that an average hip rotation of 25, 39 degrees measuring the walk of the horse. This result is similar to that of the hip rotation observed by Van de Linden (2002) in kinematics and kinetic gait characteristics of normal children walking at a range of clinically pertinent zipper. Adding to this too Donald F.Hoyt*&C. RichardTaylor also feels that there is need to minimize their energy there is need to minimize their energy consumption.Therefore, the quadrupeds need to change the gait from a walk to a trot, then to a gallon to su pport this. This is seen in human who change from walk to a run at a certain speed that requires less energy than running and vice versa. Therefore, they minimize the energy apostrophize of locomotion as their speed increases. This is because the metabolic rate does increase curvilinear with change in the walking speed.However, this is not the same to the quadrupeds as their metabolic rates increase linearly with the change in speed. In an experiment, extended gaits are interpreted to be tools of importance in the study of the changes of human beings. Using three trained horses, its seen that through the use of the amount of oxygen consumption as the power of the amount of energy consumption, the natural gait shows the s smallest amount of energy a t any speed.According to Dr. Alan Wilson, a horses leg resembles a pogo stick that uses energy stored in the muscles and tendons to enable animal move forward and upwards. The stiffer the horses leg restricts how quickly it can transmit tie to the ground and bounce back up again and increase the chances of injury. However, research has shown that fast horses can bring their legs forward quickly in preparation for the abutting stride. However, this is difficult and therefore slower for large and long-legged horses.We found that the minimum, preferred and maximum sustained speeds within a trot and a gallop all change in the same rather dramatic manner with body size, differing by nine-fold between mice and horses (i.e. all three speeds scale with about the 0.2 power of body mass).Also we found out that the mass-specific energetic cost of locomotion is almost directly proportional to the stride frequency used to sustain a eternal speed at all the equivalent speeds within a trot and a gallop, except for the minimum trotting speed (Heglund NC, 2002).When in movement, the forelegs of the horse bear the pitch of the horse. This leads to the occurrence of a momentary deceleration. This is followed by downward movement due to the force of gravity. That is, the head and neck moves downwards. Therefore, this leads to the stretch of the strong elastic rope found at the back of the skull. It then stretches withers hence forming the upper lining of the neck.As the head pendulum swing s downwards, there is an effect on the spine which is rigid. This leads to the raising of the tail end part of the spine. There is also the swing of the hind legs due to elevation of the hips. This helps to keep stable the inertia that leads to the backward movement of the back legs from the stride they were before. Therefore, the expenditure of the energy used by the muscles to move them forward to in the coming stride is saved amicably.However, the contents of the liver and type AB are thrust against the diaphragm due to the first deceleration that occurs together with the hips elevation. This diminishes the volume of the thorax and assists respiration.At the suspension stage when the elastic recoil of the ligament is of import as it is used to take back or restore the head into original position. This happens when all the four feet are off the ground. As a result, a tug occurs which helps to draw the forelegs caused by the head being elevated. The inertia is overcome and as a result the previous backward move occurs (Chris Webster (2005)The fore legs are then moved forward while the hind legs bear the weight. This combined performance therefore elevates the spine of the horse at a level similar to that of the withers. This leads to the flattening of the diaphragm and as a result of the liver being firmly bound to it. Hence, the thorax enlarges supporting the process of inspiration.As the process of locomotion takes place, nose candy% efficiency cannot be achieved although economy is enhanced by the cyclic interchange that takes place between the many forms of mechanical energy that is available. A metabolic cost is also associated with fluctuations that occur in mechanical energy that is involv ed in the locomotion that is of high speed gallop type carry horses (Karen E. Adolph (2000).Therefore, natural undulation of the head and neck done by the horse is termed as the head bob. Each head bob varies depending on its degree from one horse to the other. This chemical mechanism therefore helps a galloping horse to minimize the amount of energy spent on movement or locomotion and respiration as well.To counter the movement of the horse too the anatomy of the horse at the muscle level also matters for its movement too. Looking at the longest tendons found in the horse, that is the piddling digital flexor tendon (SDFT), disturbance of the locomotors characteristics of the SDFT takes place in most cases at the middle part of the mid-metacarpal area. However, up to date there is no turn out the morphological characteristics of collagen fibrils found at the middle and peripheral parts of the three voices that make the entire tendon. However, there is the presence of the myote ndious junction (MTJ), the osteondious joint (OS) and the mid- metacarpal region (mM)The mass average diameter (MAD) is useful since it provides important information on the mean collaged diameter and the strength of the tendon. That is the tensile strength of the tendon. This was found to be littler in the central are as compared to that at the peripheral area of the three regions. The MAD value however was found to lowest in the two areas at the MTJ region, but increases gradually in a distal way in the OTJ which unite with the bone. Thus, the morphological characteristics suggest that it is similar to biochemical functions in some parts of the SDFT.But for Butcher MT, the process of training and racing the lesions of the superficial tendon always are taken to be common careers ending injuries to the race horses although this is not fully understood. However, this has fatigue resistant characteristics and force production features as well, which allow storage and return of the ela stic energy by the tendons (Andrea Ellis, Julian hill (2005).Depending on these features and proof from history, it is therefore assumed that overloading of the SDFT is as a result of fatigue of the synergist, which is a faster contracting and deep flexor muscle. Therefore, the horse should be well taken care of and well fed to enhance its locomotion.ReferencesKaren E. Adolph (2000) Learning in the Development of Infant Locomotion, Psychology, Blackwell.ISBN0631224564.Chris Webster (2005), The Mechanism of Motion, Performing Arts. Nohingham University press, ISBN1897676468.Andrea Ellis, Julian Hill (2005) nutritionary Psychology pf the Horse, Medical. Elsevier, ISBN0240516664

Determination of the vitamin D status of adults living in the UK and identification of factors influencing the efficacy of dietary intervention

IntroductionThere is overwhelming clinical leavens that vitamin D plays a solid role in terms of the normal functioning of human body. One of the most common functions of vitamin D is to ensure normalcy in maintaining bloodline levels of both calcium and phosphate. The two elements are essential for normal b integrity mineralisation, contraction of muscles, conduction of nerves, and new(prenominal) general body cellular functions. As such, inadequateness of vitamin D is associated with various adverse health complications including failure in proper bone development, cancer, and heart diseases (Holick, 2011, p.6). A suss out of several studies has also established evidence that vitamin D replacement can boots longevity among other health benefits (Gaddipati, et al. 2010). Adequate synthesis of vitamin D3 from the skin, everyday diet and supplements is essential for health of bones. In addition to the long-familiar role of vitamin D in regulating calcium metabolism, active form of vitamin D is also associated with anti-proliferative as well as immunomodulatory effects that are united to several serious conditions such as cancer, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, tuberculosis, dementia among other illnesses (Zitterman,et al., 2001).There have been concerns that vitamin D deficiency is significantly increasing in the western nations, and the likelihood of the problem becoming an epidemic in itself worries nutritionists as well as medical practitioners alike (Hypponen and Power (2007). A recent stare in England has revealed a worrying statistics that half of the adult nation does not have sufficient levels of vitamin D (Pearce and Cheetham, 2010). The same resume also revealed that 16% of this population has experienced severe hypovitaminosis D during winter and spring, with the highest say being residents of northwestern England regions. It is perhaps unsurprising that there have been increasing calls for regular blanket during normal health care services. The concerns over vitamin D deficiency has led to a shift over the past decade, with several researchers striving to establish some(prenominal) of the most common assay factors associated with vitamin D deficiency (Holick, 2004).In a study to establish diversity in propensity to vitamin D deficiency among metabolically health and unhealthy obese adults, Esteghamati et al. (2004) found out that metabolically healthy obese registered more immersion of vitamin D than metabolically unhealthy obese. This difference persisted even after accounting for body mass index (BMI) and circumference of the individuals waists. Further, there was significantly better metabolic stance and higher concentration of serum 25-hydro vitamin D among the subjects with metabolically healthy obesity. The researchers also noted that the metabolically unhealthy subjects had higher concentrations of liver enzymes and inflammatory markers. In February 2014, Health & Socia l Care study centre released a report on obesity, physical activity, and diet in England, which indicated that obesity cases were on the rise (HSCIC, 2014). The data indicate that there has been a significant plus in the proportion of obese population from 13.2 percent in 1993 to 24.4 percent of men in 2012. Women recorded a similarly high increase during the same period from 16.4 percent to 25.1 percent. Linking this data to relationship mingled with obesity and vitamin D deficiency, it prudent to highlight that vitamin D deficiency prevalence is a intend researchers should note with keenness it deserves. The extent to which vitamin D deficiency is a public health problem in Britain is believed to have increased for several reasons ranging from lifestyle to put up patterns. On lifestyle as a factor, Hypponen and Power (2007) states that the sedentary lifestyle in the western world, including Great Britain, leads to vitamin D deficiency, which is exacerbated by a number of oth er factors including working indoors during daylight hours, high latitude and a mostly cloudy climate in regions such as Manchester. Statistics also indicate that vitamin D dietary intake is much lower in Great Britain compared to other western nations including United States and Canada (Calvo et al, 2005, p.314). The variance in dietary intake of vitamin D between Britain, on the one hand, and United States and Canada, on the other, may be due to the mandatory fortification of both milk and margarine in the USA and Canada. rough of the most common food sources rich in vitamin are slant, liver, fortified margarine and fortified cereals. However, clinical nutritional assessments of natural food items suggest that with the censure of fish and cod liver oil, most natural food stuff contains minimal vitamin D, if any (Brough et al., 2010). Significantly, it is important to note that insufficient natural sources for vitamin D is a risk factor in itself, and should be taken into consi deration when plans are put into place to tackle the problem. Moreover, vitamin D supplements availability cannot be described as reliable since demand always exceeds supply (Brough et al., 2010). Studies have revealed that there are high rates of vitamin D deficiency all over Great Britain, especially in the cloudy regions like Manchester and Scotland (Pal et al., 2003). Obesity is a well-known risk factor for vitamin D deficiency, and its high prevalence in Great Britain is likely to presume vitamin D status in the population of high-risk regions such as Greater Manchester. In another nationwide study conducted to investigate the demographic characteristics of light population and possibility of supplements use, it emerged that women and non-obese participants were more likely to use vitamin D supplements (Gaddipati et al, 2010). Similarly, residents of Northern England were found to consume less oily fish, an important source of vitamin D, compared to their Southern counterpart s. The study concurs with reports that people keep on the Northern England and Scotland have higher risk of hypovitaminosis D (Roy et al., 2007 Holick, 2004). In fact, those who are obese and also live in high-risk regions have a likelihood of having vitamin D deficiency twice as high as other obese people living in other areas of Great Britain.Vitamin D deficiency has also been reported to be prevalent among nonage communities living in Great Britain (de Roos et al, 2012). Some ethnic minorities living in Great Britain are more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency than other sorts. According to Brough et al. (2010), minority ethnic communities, specially those who trace their roots to Indian subcontinent and Africa as they tend to suffer from rise in skin pigmentation. They are also found to increase their susceptibility to vitamin D deficiency by tiring clothes that tend to cover their entire bodies and stopovering indoors longer hours during the day (de Roos et al, 2012 Broug h et al., 2010). Other researchers recognise the need to increase vitamin D supplement intake among the minority population, amid report that there are no consistent or routine supply of vitamin D neither are there recognised screening programs targeting this group (Dealberto, 2006).A study looking at population demographics in the North West has revealed that the region has increasing number older people (North West regional Assembly Report, 2000). As stated earlier, elderly people are at high-risk of vitamin D deficiency. Clinical studies have investigated age-related decline in vitamin D intake, including rate of skin absorption and response to targeted methods of increasing vitamin D through dietary interventions (Shaw and Pal, 2002). Several other studies have also linked low vitamin D status with people living in low economic status (Dealberto, 2006.). In many of these linkages, the authors cite issues such as poor nutrition, poor lifestyle and unfitness to afford supplements. For instance, poor nutrition intake is prevalent in regions with high poverty rate, mostly affecting middle aged women of child-bearing age (Brough et al., 2010). According to Brough et al. (2010) a socially deprived population cannot afford some of the basic nutrients essential for normal metabolic function such as vitamin D and thus doctor to shortcuts of life while exposing their immune system to chronic diseases. Poverty report released by the Greater Manchester Poverty Commission in 2002 identified Manchester as one of the regions with the highest cases of extreme poverty, with 25 percent of its population living in abject poverty (GMPC, 2012). The report further reveal that poor families cannot protect themselves from winter temperature, which makes them stay indoors longer than other UK residence with average annual income. This can only mean that they have higher risk from vitamin D deficiency. OECD report (2014) suggests that the set-back step in ensuring low income comm unity members in the United Kingdom are protected from lifestyle related diseases is through social interventions.Tests have revealed that menial rise in vitamin D intake of up to 20 g per day for this group can significantly reduce the rate of bone cashier (Hypponen and Power, 2007). The findings have raised focus by agencies and researchers, who have recommended that vitamin D intake for the elderly should raised from the online 5g per day to between 10-20g per day in order to maintain the normal hydroxy vitamin D of 25 (de Roos, 2012, p.6).Considering the need to increase vitamin D intake among the population at risk of vitamin D deficiency, the UK Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA) recommended that people eat at least 280 g of fish per week, with preference to oily fish (de Roos, Sneddon and Macdonald, 2012, p.6). The Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) endorsed the COMA recommendation, emphasising that this is the bare minimum fish consumption r ecommended for the average population goal to achieve the sought after vitamin D status. However, they acknowledged that this recommendation does not represent the level of fish consumption required for optimal nutritional benefits. The campaign to encourage more UK population, particularly those living in North Western region, should be directed at increasing oily fish intake by at least 280 g per week as statistics indicate that majority of them do not consume enough fish (de Roos, 2012 Holick, 2011 Hypponen and Power, 2007).Although studies (de Roos, 2012 Holick, 2004) have dwelt on the need for multiple interventions ranging from dietary to medical, of more significant for the efficacy of dietary intervention is the need for education among the population on the importance of adopting healthy diet and lifestyle. This is mostly recommended for the high-risk persons including the low-income population, those living in marginally wet and cloudy regions including Manchester, obese, and young women of child bearing age group.ReferencesBrough. L., Rees, G., Crawford, M.A. Morton. R.H. and Dorman, E.K. 2010. Effect ofmultiple- micronutrient supplement on maternal nutrient status, infant birth saddle and gestational age at birth in a low-income, multi-ethnic population. British Journal of Nutrition, 104 (3) 437- 445.Calvo, M.S., Whiting, S.J. and Barton, C.N. 2005. Vitamin D intake a global perspective ofcurrent status. J Nutr 135 3106.de Roos, B. Sneddon, A. and Macdonald, H. 2012. Fish as a dietary source of healthy long chainn-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) and vitamin D A review of current literature. Food & Health Innovation Service, available at http//www.abdn.ac.uk/rowett/documents/fish_final_june_2012.pdf.Dealberto, M.J. 2006. Why immigrants at increased risk for psychosisVitamin D insuffiency,epigenetic mechanisms, or bothMedical Hypothesis, Vol. 68, pp. 259- 267.Esteghamati, A., Aryan, Z. and Nakhjavani, M. 2004. Differences in vitamin D c oncentrationbetween metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese adults Association with inflammatory and cardiometabolic markers in 4391 subjects. Diabetes & Metabolism, 5 May 2014, Available online at http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1262363614000469Gaddipati, V.C., Kuriacose, R. and Copeland R., et al. 2010. Vitamin D deficiency an increasingconcern in peripheral arterial disease. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 11(5) 308-11.Greater Manchester Poverty Commission (GMPC). 2012. Research Report . The Centre for topical anaesthetic Economic Strategies.Holick, M.F. 2011. Vitamin D a d-lightful solution for health. J Investig Med. 59(6)872-80.Holick MF. 2004. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmunediseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 80 (suppl)1678S88S.HSCIC. 2014. Statistics on Obesity, physical Activity and Diet. Health & Social CareInformation Centre, England 26 February 2014.Hypponen, E. and Power, C. 2007. Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y nationwidecohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictors. Am J Clin Nutr, 85(3) 860-868.North West Regional Assembly, 2000. An Aging Population Impact for the North West. NorthWest Regional Laboratory. Lancaster University. Available at www.northest-england.org.uk.OECD Report. (2014). Society at a Glance 2014 Highlights United Kingdom OECD SocialIndicators. Last accessed on 19 May 2014 at http//www.oecd.org/unitedkingdom/OECD-SocietyAtaGlance2014-Highlights-UnitedKingdom.pdfPal , B.R., Marshall ,T. and James, C. 2003. Shaw NJ. Distribution analysis of vitamin Dhighlights differences in population subgroups preliminary observations from a pilot study in UK adults. J Endocrinol. 17911929.Pearce, S.H. and Cheetham, T.D. January, 2010. Diagnosis and management of Vitamin Ddeficiency. BMJ, 11 340.Roy D.K, Berry J.L., Pye, SR et al. 2007. Vitamin D status and bone mass in UK South Asiawomen. Bone 40(1) 200-4. Epub 2006 Sep 6.Shaw, N.J and Pal, B.R. 2002. Vitam in D deficiency in UK Asian families activating a newconcern. Arch Dis Child, 86 147-149, Available at http//adc.bmj.com/content/86/3/147.fullZittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Koerfer R. 2005. Putting cardiovascular disease and vitamin Dinsufficiency into perspective. Br J Nutr 94 48392.

Cultural Anthropology Comparison Essay Essay

Two authors published separate articles that discussed the effects of Technology on families and on society in general. These articles are Technology and Social Change The Effects on Family and Community, written by Jan English-Lueck in 1998 and Communication technologies that will change our lives, written by whole wheat flour T. T. Monitor in 2003. However, while both authors discussed the same topic, which is how engineering gener totallyy partakes the lives of people, they differ in the areas that they focussed on in their respective articles.Basically, English-Lueck, in his article, claimed that technology has not actually adversely affected the way family members communicate among each(prenominal) other, but has rather enhanced it. According to him, the most significant and most straightforward impact of technology on a family is that a persons molding hours extend to his or her work home. In other words, a out-of-pocket to the massive enhancement of technology, a person b rings his or her work home when he or she should be allocating that time for his or her family.Based on English-Luecks article, while this can initially be viewed as a negative impact, the fact is, technology has actually efficiently improved the way family members communicate among each other. For example, a family camping trip can easily be planned in a single afternoon through the use of a beeper or an E-mail as compared to the conventional method of planning it over dinner. Moreover, according to the article, family members who spend most of their time at work can on a regular basis check if their children by paging them or calling them using a cellphone.In addition, a person can respond to emergency duties at work through by using a fax machine. In other words, English-Lueck in his article claims that it is wrong to assume that products of technology has negatively affected the family keep since it they have actually made communication amongst members more convenient and more uninterrupted. On the other hand, Graham T. T. Monitors article focused on how rapid technology has been increasing over the past years and how this has lead to breaking down barriers in communication.Basically, Monitor said that due to constant technological advancements, which he believes will soon match the speed and power of the human brain, the society and families, both young and old, can easily access all types of digital communication devices that can enable them to communicate among themselves anywhere and anytime. According to him, this is possibly the most important effect on the family because it bridges the distance between family members or kin that are far away from each other. In other words, Monitor claims that the technology is improving so rapidly that people would neer have to worry about communication problems.In short, both authors claim that while technological advancements can initially appear overwhelming, it should not adversely affect the way families l ive their lives but rather improve it. According to them, as technology improves, families should adapt to these new changes and use them to their advantage. Furthermore, both English-Lueck and Montior agreed in normal that these technological enhancements make work, family management, and, most of all, communication more efficient and that these technological trends will continue in the future.

Alliance Nissan & Renault Essay

Founded in 1999, the Renault-Nissan Alliance has become the longest-lasting cross-cultural combination among major carmakers. This unique confederacy is a pragmatic, flexible business tool that can expand to accommodate new projects and partners worldwide. In the past half-decade, the Alliance has emerged as a pilot burner to protect partners during regional downturns, and it has accelerated Renault and Nissans momentum in some of the worlds fastest growing economies.Renault holds a 43.4% stake in Nissan. Nissan holds a 15% stake in Renault. The cross-shareholding model ensures that both partners have a mutual selfinterest and encourages each to pursue win-win strategies that benefit both. Formed on March 28, 2002, Renault-Nissan BV is a company incorporated under Dutch law and equally owned by Renault SA and Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., responsible for the strategic management of the Alliance.The Alliance has helped Renault and Nissan outperform historical regional rivals, elevating b oth companies into an elite tier. Together, Renault and Nissan rank in the top three car groups globally.Based on cross-shareholding and mutual self-interest, the Alliance business platform maximizes synergies without destroying instigator identity. In order to achieve competitive economies of scale, many automakers are embarking on collaborations similar to the groundbreaking partnership that Renault and Nissan established 13 years ago.

How communication skills support children’s learning Essay

Speech, language and communicating skills target support a childs learning, emotions, deportment and socialization massively, and these are just a few examples. wordingLanguage can support learning Speech, Language and Communication skills in many ways and one of these ways that they can do this is by victimization and making different sounds and symbols, spoke as well as signed language. This then has supports speech and conversation too. An example of spoken could be through music, so maybe expressing their feelings through a song to a teacher, or counsellor etc. An example for signed could be if a child draws a dark-skinned picture then they may be trying to tell you something they may feel upset, scared or worried etc. Another way that language supports learning is that if a child speaks out clarion or to themselves then it will help them to learn and develop their language skills to progress to thinking skills. activatedEmotions can support learning Speech, Language and C ommunication skills in many ways, and one of these ways is that they can learn how to deal with problems with their language. Problems arise when children cannot put their feelings into words or cannot express them in some way, and so they will learn how to do this. This can then have a negative effect on their sense of self-identity and self-confidence, because they may feel that they cant deal with their problems on their own and they wont feel that they can be independant.BehaviourBehaviour can support learning Speech, Language and Communication skills in many ways and one of these examples is that they can learn to understand verbal explanations of what is and what is not congenial behaviour and why. They will need to learn these for later life because they need to know right from victimize they need to know how to express their own needs and feelingclearly and in the right way. And behaviour can help with this if they behave appropriately then they will be able to get their f eelings crossways and they will be listened to rather than if it was the other day.SocialSocialisation can support learning Speech, Language and Communication skills in many ways and one of these is just everyday conversation, children can pick up different methods of language, speech and communication through listening to speech and even being involved in communication. So for example if a child is talking to their older sibling, they may learn new phraseology to use later on in life because the older siblings speech, language and communication skills are more than advanced than the younger sibling.

Paper Ratio and Financial Statement Analysis Essay

Executive digestIn corporate finance, both dimension and fiscal avouchment abstract argon all-important(a) tools that sack be utilise in effect to assess a lodges strength fiscally. They buns be employ in influence to forecast a business prospective cash blend and ability to grow in the approaching, as well as a companys strengths and weaknesses. Income conjure upments, respite sheets, the statement of carry mesh, and the statement of cash flows argon the four primary types of financial statements used in corporate finance. All of these financial statements serve to tin canvass a unswervings cash flows from contrary perspectives and atomic number 18 all interrelated. symmetry analytic thinking, an opposite(prenominal) important tool in financial psycho psychoanalysis, analyzes the probability that a squiffy willing be lucrative or not.The disparate kinds of ratios used are liquidity ratios, ability ratios, leverage ratios, profitability ratios, and foodstuff- revalue indicators, with each type including various different particular proposition ratios that one female genitals play when examining a dissipateds operability. Both the financial statements and ratio analysis offer an analysis of a firms finance at a particular point in time, while similarly forecasting its financial stability in the future. Another advantage is that they allow a firms finance team to equate its finances to that of other similar companies, known as benchmarks, in order to value the strength of their firm in the market.However, financial statements and ratio analysis stool also lose in their accuracy since financial analysis is often based on historical figures from the past some(prenominal) years and thus only offer the prospective financial future rather than concrete information since often a firms finances are based on the ever-changing marketplace or other factors not in control of the firms wanglers, much(prenominal) as scotch con ditions. Despite such disadvantages, financial statements and ratio analysis is a rattling important aspect in the corporate environment and essential to examining a firms viability. Over cipherIn business, financial statements are important tools, which allow a firm to clearly state its financials in terms of figures, such as revenues, expenses, exonerate incomes, etc. and analyze strengths and shortcomings of the firm. This allows the firms managers to clearly see what is and is not working for the firm. Ratio analysis is used when identifying and analyzing multiple variables in the firms trading operations, such as inventory, accounts receivable, dismiss sales, etc.When complemental financial statement and ratio analysis, it is beneficial for the firm to examine its financial figures over some(prenominal) introductory consecutive years, so that any and all patterns in its operability can be observed and analyzed. such patterns can reveal aspects of the company where effi ciency is not at its finest and thus there is a financial waiver. As a result, the company can implement exchanges in order to improve upon these shortcomings and increase its profits. Ratio analysis is both a qualitative and quantitative way of looking at the entropy in order to analyze how a company functions and ways to improve it by looking at present and preceding functioning and forecasting the future of the company.Both financial statement and ratio analysis can go out insight into the success or failures of specific carrefour simple eyes, allowing managers to make intelligent decisions regarding what their firm should offer in the future to consumers. Financial statement analysis is also a way to assess and validate a companys viability in the marketplace to outside investors/creditors. Financial statements assist managers in understanding how profitable their firm is. It is often used to make comparisons of one firm to another or of a specific time period to another time period for the same firm. The main aspects of a financial statement are revenues, expenses, and net income.Revenues are sales add up that come from products or services a firm creates through its business operations (Parrino, 2011). For a firm, such as Microsoft, its revenue would come from products such as the computers, phones, tablets, and software it sells to consumers. On the other hand, for a consulting firm, such as Accenture, revenues would stem from the fees it charges for its consulting services contracts with various presidential term agencies around the world. Both companies are providing a product to a consumer, one simply happens to be a tangible product that people buy, while the other is a service product that agencies bespeak for their functionality.Expenses are the be a firm incurs while generating its revenues (Parrino, 2011). For Microsoft, expenses would stem from the costs of building its products, marketing them, developing raw(a) products, shipping them around the world, etc. For Accenture, expenses would stem from the cost of all of its consultants, which includes their wages, insurance, company laptops it provides to each of them, travel costs for sending consultants around the world on projects, etc. Again both types of firms exhibit expenses some of them are just different.Net income shows the companys revenue relative to its expenses. If revenues exceeds expenses then the company has a net profit and is in the black for that time period (Parrino, 2011). On the other hand, if expenses exceed revenues then the company has a net loss and is in the red for that time period (Parrino, 2011). By looking at financial statements from one fiscal period to the next or annually, managers can observe how their firm is progressing. If the numbers show that the firm is not operating at an optimal level or there is a sudden dec debate in profit, managers can delve further into the firms operations utilize ratio analysis to look for prob lem areas and address them accordingly.For instance, ratio analysis can allow analysts to view the rate turnover of a specific product line and examine whether something is lacking in that product line that is hindering the firms ability to get rid of that inventory to consumers. Such ratio analysis will be elaborated upon later in this paper. in that respect are four types of financial statements income statements, commensurateness sheets, the statement of retained earnings, and the statement of cash flows, which are all vital and interrelated. The income statement calculates the firms net income or its earnings after expenses have been deducted and is used to calculate retained earnings at the end of the year (Parrino, 2011). Net income is calculated as followedNet Income = Revenues ExpensesThe balance sheet summarizes what assets the firm has at a specific point in time, as well as how the firm has financed such assets (Parrino, 2011). intrinsic assets is calculated as follo wed kernel Assets = Total Liabilities + Total Stockholders virtue The value of assets will change annually since firms often buy and sell assets, thus altering the firms value and financing. Such changes are referd in thestatement of cash flows, which gives a summary of changes in the firms balance sheet from the beginning of a period to the end (Parrino, 2011).The statement of retained earnings summarizes changes in the retained earnings in a simpler manner for managers than the statement of cash flows and basically shows the firms expenses and loss from one period to the next (Parrino, 2011). These financial statements can provide a lot of information to managers regarding the operations of the company. If Microsoft sees a decrease in its net income or total assets from one year to the next, this can indicate many things.A decrease in net income can indicate maybe some products are not selling as well as they have in the past, meaning Microsoft may need to change its marketing s trategy or release a new product. A decrease in total assets can mean several things. Perhaps the companys products are of less value than before or perhaps they have fewer liabilities. Deciding what specifically financial statements mean for the future of a firm often requires more in depth analysis through ratio analysis.Ratio analysis is the use of financial figures to analyze a firms overall operability and evaluate its strengths and weaknesses (Parrino, 2011). It can be used from various perspectives including stockholders, managers, and creditors, in order to evaluate the profitability of a firm. Specifically, a financial ratio is a number from a financial statement that has been scaled by dividing by another financial number in order to show something about the companys operations (Parrino, 2011).There are several types of financial ratios liquidity ratios, efficiency ratios, leverage ratios, profitability ratios, and market-value indicators. Liquidity ratios focus on whether a firm has the ability to convert current assets into cash quickly without loss of value (Parrino, 2011). deuce liquidity ratios are as followed actual Ratio = Current Assets / Current LiabilitiesQuick Ratio = (Current Assets Inventory) / Current Liabilities Liquidity ratios indicate a firms ability to pay short-term obligations, such as interest payments for debt. This is very important because any firm has creditors, whether its investors, banks, or even tax collectors and even themost profitable company can go under if it is unable to pay all of its obligations for any reason. dexterity ratios circular how efficiently a firm uses its assets and include the chaseInventory disturbance = greet of Goods change / InventoryDays vernacular sales in Inventory = 365 Days / Inventory TurnoverAccounts Receivable Turnover = Net Sales / Accounts ReceivableDays Sales Outstanding = 365 Days / Accounts Receivable TurnoverTotal Asset Turnover = Net Sales / Total AssetsFixed Asset Turno ver = Net Sales / Net Fixed AssetsEfficiency ratios are a useful tool in financial analysis because they can examine and identify inefficient use of any kind of asset.For instance, in our case of a decrease net income for Microsoft, financial analysts can look at the inventory turnover for each of its products and analyze whether one is too low indicating that the rate at which they are selling that specific product line is not efficient compared to the cost of producing that product line. Based on this managers can decide whether they should decrease the core of inventory they produce or cut the product line all together. Leverage ratios are used to examine a firms financing or ability to meet long-term financial obligations. Leverage ratios are as followedTotal Debt Ratio = Total Debt / Total AssetsDebt-to-Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Total EquityEquity Multiplier = Total Assets / Total EquityLeverage ratios are important because every firm uses debt or equity and often both for i ts financing, but the more debt a firm uses, the greater the risk it will default on those debt payments. So, for instance, the total debt ratio can tell you how much debt a firm uses in its capital structure and thus how volatile its earnings are (Parrino, 2011). Profitability ratios measure managements ability to efficiently use the firms assets to generate sales and manage the firms operations (Parrino, 2011) and include the followingGross Profit coast = (Net Sales Cost of Goods Sold) / Net SalesOperating Profit Margin = EBIT / Net SalesNet Profit Margin = Net Income / Net SalesReturn on Assets(ROA) = Net Income / Total AssetsEBIT ROA = EBIT / Total AssetsReturn on Equity(ROE) = Net Income / Total EquityProfitability ratios are important because they indicate a companys ability to be profitable relative to its expenses. Market-value indicators figure the future of a firms finances using market value trends and financial statements. They includeEarnings Per piece of land(EPS) = Net Income / Shares OutstandingPrice-Earnings Ratio(P/E) = Price Per Share / Earnings Per ShareMarket-to-Book Ratio = Market Value of Equity Per Share / Book Value of Equity per shareMarket-value indicators are important because they can assist in predicting the future for a firm. Whether the firm will be profitable using its current strategy or should it maybe switch to a different strategy to keep up with competing companies. All of these financial ratios are crucial to financial analysis in corporations and used very often by analysts, managers, creditors, stockholders, etc. Advantages and Disadvantages of Ratio AnalysisRatio analysis has several benefits. First, it offers various methods of analyzing a companys financial wellbeing, going beyond just the financial statements by looking at specific aspects of operations. This can indicate strengths and shortcomings that managers should be aware of. Improvements can be make in order to increase profitability as a result. For inst ance, if a Microsoft notices that one product line has a higher days sales in inventory than another, this indicates that the specific product stays on the shelf longer and perhaps the firm should focus more on the product line with the commence days sales in inventory as it sells better.Secondly, ratio analysis can assist in predicting earnings or showing a pattern, which managers can use to find the best way to swan financial profitability. While financial statements provide numbers such as revenues or expenses, ratio analysis can offer a concrete number describing revenues relative to the cost of the goods sold, such as with the gross profit margin. Such a ratio can indicate how profitable a firms operations were in a specificperiod of time and if very profitable a concrete method of recreating such success.Essentially, ratio analysis simplifies the information provided in financial statements by compartmentalizing them to show patters and trends, which are very useful. Thirdly , ratio analysis can also be used in order to compare the firms operations to that of its competitors. oftentimes, how well a company is doing depends on the market and how well other companies are doing, so ratio analysis provides a very useful tool to companies in devising such comparisons.There are some disadvantages to ratio analysis. Predictions based on ratio analysis can be inaccurate from time to time. This is because ratio analysis is mostly based on historical data from previous time periods, which only offers so much information about the future. Yes, analysts can predict that the market will behave a certain way through market value indicators, but such predictions are only so accurate.The market can be affected by a transformation of aspects, such as volatile stintingal conditions or even a natural mishap. For example following Hurricane Katrina, at the end of the first week followingU.S. commercial crude oil inventories fell by 6.4 million barrels from the previou s week, indicating a strong market effect on petroleum overdue to the disaster (Hurricane Katrinas impact, 2011). Businesses cannot control environmental disasters or economic conditions, which is why while ratio analysis is a very useful tool, it cannot always be relied on 100%. The use of market-value indicators is increasingly used in order to better forecast the future of a firm as it takes into account the economic climate at a specific point in time in order to predict the trend of future financial entities (Niazi, 2011) but again sometimes something like a natural disaster can negatively affect business.This is why having a high operating income and total assets is important to be prepared for such events. While not a perfect model as random economic turbulence can skew results, market-value indicators do still provide some insight into the future. Furthermore, when using ratio analysis to compare to another similar benchmark firm, there can also be pitfalls. Often it is imp ossible to find a company similar enough in size, corporate structure, and operations to flop compare to and gauge a market comparison. Thus, often ratio analysis when benchmarking can provide a skewed impression of where the firmstands against its competitors in the market.Financial statement and ratio analysis are very useful in corporate finance that provide much information to analysts, managers, stockholders, and creditors about the financial state of a firm. While there are some shortcomings to ratio analysis, its advantages in practice surely surpass its disadvantages and offer valuable tools to cultivate a thriving company.ReferencesHurricane Katrinas impact on the U.S. oil and natural gas markets. (2011, September 12). Retrieved from http//www.eia.gov/oog/special/eia1_katrina_091205.htmlNiazi, G. S. K., Hunjra, A. I., Rashid , M., Akbar, S. W., & Akhtar, M. N. (2011). Practices of working capital policy and performance assessment financial ratios and their race with orga nization performance. World Applied Sciences Journal, 12(11), 1967-1973.Parino, R., Kidwell, D. S. & Bates, T. W. (2012). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Second edition. John Wiley & Sons Hoboken, NJ.