What Really Happened to Coke free essay sample

Sometimes even the most brightest of minds fail. Doug Ivester, head of the Coca-Cola Company for only a little more than two years, resigned after an unofficial meeting with the two board members Warren Buffet and Herbert Alan. Fostered by former CEO Goizueta for over 10 years, he took over this position of one of the highest ranked global brands after Goizueta’s unforseeable death. As it turned out, Ivester could not generate the results he was expected to (Morris Sellers 2000). What happened along his short road as CEO? How and why could such a long time inducted person flop so badly? In a first step, this essay examines Ivester’s actions, taken into account different theoretical leadership approaches. Furthermore, it will reveal a lack in ‘people skills’ like emotional intelligence and communication. This given, there will be recommendations on how Coke can find a better match. The approach to leadership by Doug Ivester Coming from and affected by the accounting and finance sector where he worked his way up to the very top (Watkins, Knoop, Reavis 2005), Ivester was often described as a ‘numbers’ person, â€Å"obesessed with controlling the tiniest details† (Morris, Sellers 2000, p. We will write a custom essay sample on What Really Happened to Coke or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 15). Statements like â€Å"The highly disciplined organizations are the most creative We operate with a rigid control system. † (Morris Sellers 2000, p. 116) indicate his rational, objective and authority driven approach to leadership. Furthermore, he even demanded regular communication with his senior executives (Hays 2004), making them inferior and demotivated. Hence, interactions between Ivester and his followers only occurred when the latter failed to respond to Ivester (Hays 2004). These behaviors are all signs of a transactual leader using the management by exception style (Judge Piccolo 2004). Introduced by Burns (1978) and contrasting with transformational leadership, it â€Å"is based on a fairly straightforward exchange between the leader and the followers† (Johns Saks 2008). This means there is no social interaction between leaders and followers, thus no relationships can be established. It stays formal and an important source of inspiration and motivation is diminished. In times of crisis, which are an â€Å"ultimate measure of a CEO† (Morris Sellers 2000, p. 115), Doug Ivester exposed disastrous communication skills. He reacted too mechanically and too late in the Belgium crisis. In addition, he offended Coke’s bottlers, which are the basis of Coke’s success, by raising the price for concentrate and implying the development of vending machines (Watkins, Knoop, Reavis 2005). This shows that in accordance to his thus far developed character traits, Ivester was â€Å"heavy on data and facts, light on such intangibles as emotions. † (Hays 2004, p. 33). Leading without emotions Probably one of his biggest indulgences is his missing keen sense of how to deal with people and their emotions, resulting in insufficient communication like he displayed with Donald R. Keough (Morris Sellers 2000). Goleman (1995) calls this emotional intelligence, an ability to manage people and their emotions, which is essential in today’s changing organizations. Amongst other competencies are the understanding of others, communication and political awareness, in order to read â€Å"a group’s emotional currents and power relationships† (Goleman 1998, p. 27). In turn, these factors influence empathy and within that effective handling of relationships (Goleman 1998). Apparently this was not one of Ivester’s strengths, because he â€Å"lacked political skills† (Morris Sellers 2000, p. 16), as well as the inability to send convincing messages to an external audience as seen in the Belgium crisis (Morris Sellers 2000). Another leadership competency under the focus of emotional intelligence is â€Å"Accurate self-assessment† (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee 2002, p. 253), meaning that leaders should â€Å"exhibit a gracefulness in learning where they need to improve, and welcome constructive criticism and feedback. † (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee 2002, p. 253). Instead of using the received suggestions to improve his situation, Ivester favored neither learning nor getting feedback when he ignored the email from Donald R. Keough (Morris Sellers 2000). The deficient use of emotional intelligence in his leadership raises the question: what did he actually lead? To put it another way, looking at transformational leadership shows exactly what Ivester did not do. According to Avolio and Yammarino (2002), transformational leadership is highly motivational, inspirational and visionary and uses emotional attachment with followers to set higher standards. Doug Ivester never used emotions, he seemed cold and could not read the emotional signs of others. He lacked in empathy, thus made it hard for himself to find the right tone when dealing with a crisis or people as well as to inspire people or even get them to motivate themselves. Knight and Willmott (2007) distinguish between management and leadership, stating that â€Å"leadership is therefore linked with a process of organizing in which (in principle) greater emphasis is placed on inspiring, listening, facilitating and involving people, rather than instructing them to act. Leadership is linked to communication and innovation. † (Knight Willmott 2007, p. 59). In the short 26 months as CEO of Coke, Doug Ivester never evolved from a manager to a leader, due to his underdeveloped skills in emotional intelligence and communication. Finding a new leader In order to find a new and suitable leader for the Coca-Cola Company, it is crucial to first find out what went wrong with the last CEO and why it went wrong. This, in turn, gives an insight into what qualities to seek in a new leader. As highlighted before, Ivester’s leadership style is best summarized by the transactual leadership approach. To be more efficient with people in organizations, transfomational leadership should be used, because it â€Å"has a greater effect on followers and collectives than does transactual leadership, which in turn is focused on promoting self interest and thus limited in scope and impact† (Antonakis House 2002). Transformational leadership is mostly based upon five characteristics, such as inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration and charisma. Emotions play an important role in all of these characteristics, especially in charisma (Johns Saks 2008). The importance of emotional intelligence Therefore the new CEO should contain a high level of emotional intelligence, because â€Å"leadership is an emotion-laden process from both the leader’s and follower’s perspective. Thus, emotions and moods should play an important role in leadership, and emotional intelligence is very likely a key contributor to leadership effectiveness. † (Johns Saks 2008, p. 329). In his research, Goleman (1998), who was the first person to adapt the concept of emotional intelligence to business, found out that not only traditional qualities like intelligence, toughness, determination or vision are required to be successful as a leader. They are only the foundation of what a leader needs to have, but they are insufficient. In addition, his research identified a positive correlation between emotional intelligence and business results. This model of emotional intelligence is influenced by characteristics such as self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills created by Goleman (1998), which will help us find the right match for the position as CEO of Coke. Recommended characteristics for a matching leader First of all, the next CEO should bring all the basic fundamentals needed for this managing position, like Ivester did. Moreover, the person should show a high level of emotional intelligence manifested in the following characteristics introduced by Goleman (1998): Self-awareness is the ability to recognize feelings, in oneself and in others and how they affect performance. People with self-awareness â€Å"can often intuit the best course of action, seeing the big picture in a complex situation. † (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2000, p. 253). Those people can be recognized if they speak openly about emotions and admit failures (Goleman 1998). The managing of good and bad emotions as well as impulses and even utilizing them in useful ways is called self-regulation. People who remain calm even in a crisis or during high stress have good self-regulation (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2000). Motivation, in the context of leadership, means that a person is motivated within themself. It is easy to detect people who are intrinsicly motivated, because they seem restless and always want to achieve and learn more (Goleman 1998). Empathy enables people to sense emotions from other individuals or a group. Hence, those who are good at empathizing can get along better with teams and persons from different cultures and backgrounds (Goleman 1998). If a person is good in building rapport with different kinds of people to create a network, which the can use if the time comes, this is called social skill. It is the sum of the characteristics explained above and can be seen in any social interactions at work. It is, compared to the other characteristics, the most important one along with empathy, because both play an important role in managing relationships (Goleman 1998). Choosing Ivester as the next CEO was a missunderstanding. He has had a very good track record but lacked, nevertheless, all of the competencies above. Considering the consumer goods industry and the globalized structure of Coke, as well as the need to communicate its products, it is highly recommended to select someone who also has excellent skills in communicating with employees, shareholders, stakeholders and authorities. A good way to find such a person is to create a group of board members, high-ranked executives and other people who will work with the new leader on a constant basis. Bearing in mind the importance of the described ‘soft factors’, it has to be looked at the ability to solve crisis and mastering social interactions. It takes time to detect these talents and therefore it is most likely to find the new leader inside the Coca-Cola company.

Peter and Susan are members of an animal rights Essays

Peter and Susan are members of an animal rights Essays Peter and Susan are members of an animal rights Essay Peter and Susan are members of an animal rights Essay Title: Peter and Susan are members of an carnal rights group named CFA ( Compassion for Animals ) . They are incensed at the policy of the EU of exporting unrecorded animate beings within the EU and from member provinces to other states throughout the universe. During a meeting of the CFA they propose to organize a March in two hebdomads clip with the intent of pulling attending to this pattern and showing against it. The March will continue through Wetcliffe, a big port and culminate at the central office of Cargo Ltd, the largest exporter in the U.K. The demonstrators assemble at Wetcliffe. There are about 500. Whilst assembled, and prior to the March commencing, Peter and Susan urge the demonstrators to stay peaceable in order to aerate their grudges more efficaciously. The demonstrators set off with Peter taking. As the March enters the town, the traffic is held up for 15 proceedingss and many of the local occupants are angry at the break the March is doing. Within proceedingss a little figure of the local occupants and a subdivision within the marchers are shouting maltreatment at each other and the temper of the March begins to acquire rather angry. Sergeant Burrows asks Peter and Susan to scatter half the group but they refuse and when the Sergeant asks them to deviate the March to climax some one half a stat mi from the central office of the Cargo Ltd. they once more refuse. Sergeant Burrows apprehensions Peter and Susan. The demonstrators arrive at Cargo Ltd. Jane and Robert reference, through loud hailers, their protagonists. A vocal group who are opposed to these positions are besides present, a group which includes several employees of Cargo Ltd. The latter threaten Jane and Robert with force if they do non scatter. Anxious at the possible eruption of force the constabulary apprehension Jane and Robert. The crowd is, by now, counter and the employees of Cargo Ltd cry and do opprobrious marks which antagonises the demonstrators. Some of the demonstrators retaliate by throwing missiles. Eight of the demonstrators light a fire under one of the lorries. The constabulary arrive and consequence several apprehensions including the eight demonstrators who had torched the lorry. Meanwhile Sergeant Burrows returns to the local Police Station with Peter and Susan. He has learnt that they live together and that their level is en path to the Police Station. He decides to come in and seek their premises on the evidences that he might happen inside informations of future riotous assemblages, believing Peter and Susan to be trouble makers. He finds nil but seizes a DVD redact, which is still in the box and Tells Peter and Susan that he believes this to be stolen. On reaching at the Police Station Peter and Susan are put in the cells, where they are left for 9 hours before being released with no charge. Explain the legality of the above incidents with mention to the powers of them constabularies to collar, the duties of the demonstrators and the human rights context. Let us get down with a treatment associating to the legality of the apprehension of Peter [ P ] and Susan [ S ] by Sergeant Burrows [ B ] : Apprehensions are of two sorts: a ) With a warrant and B ) without a warrant. There is no information provided in the facts of this instance which suggest that B did in fact obtain a warrant for the apprehension of P and S, and as such we will continue on the premise that the relevant jurisprudence in inquiry falls within the latter of the above two classs. The relevant jurisprudence refering the powers of apprehension without a warrant, by constabulary constables, are contained within subdivision 24 of PACE, as amended by subdivision 110 ( 1 ) of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005: Section 1 of the 2005 Act states that a constable may collar without a warrant ( a ) anyone who is about to perpetrate an offense ; ( B ) anyone who is in the act of perpetrating an offense ; ( degree Celsius ) anyone whom he has sensible evidences for surmising to be about to perpetrate an offense, and ; ( vitamin D ) anyone whom he has sensible evidences for surmising to be perpetrating an offense. Section 110, ss4 of the Act states that a constable may merely do such an apprehension where he has ‘reasonable grounds’ for believing that such an apprehension is ‘necessary’ . Section 110, ss5 of the 2005 Act stipulates the valid grounds which may take to such a ‘reasonable belief’ in the necessity of the app rehension. Let us now consider whether there is any information within the facts of our instance which might propose that B was justified in doing his apprehension of P and S: We are non told the grounds behind the apprehension: we are told nevertheless that P and S refused both ‘to disperse half the group’ and ‘to divert the March to climax some one and a half miles’ off from its proposed finish, at the central office of Cargo Ltd. We are besides told that the March, in which P. and S. are members, was barricading up portion of the town, with ‘traffic [ being ] held up for 15 minutes’ . Let us now ascertain whether any of the above facts might fulfill s110, US Secret Service ( 1 ) , US Secret Service ( 4 ) and US Secret Service ( 5 ) of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005: P. and S’s refusal to deviate the March to a different finish clearly does non represent an offense in itself, and as such, B was non empowered under s110 ( 1 ) of the Act to collar them on this land. In respect to P and S’s refusal to scatter half the crowd ; B might hold deemed this refusal as representing an offense under the Highway Obstruction Act, in visible radiation of the fact that P and S both orchestrated the March and were hence, at least to some extent, in control of the crowd [ we are told that the March was ‘being led by P’ ] and hence non merely responsible for the obstructor, but in a place to scatter it. In this manner, B might hold perceived that he was legitimately entitled to collar them under s110 ( 1 ) of the 2005 Act. However, it would be hard to reason that the apprehension of P and S would hold served to take this obstructor, and as such, whilst fulfilling the ground specifications of s110 ( 5 ) ( V ) of the 2005 Act [ ‘causing an improper obstructor of the highway’ ] , an apprehension on this land would about surely be deemed improper due to s110 ( 4 ) which required B to hold an apprehension necessary in order to foresta ll the obstructor in inquiry, when clearly the apprehension would non, and did non [ the March go oning regardless of the absence of P and S ] , have this consequence. In respect to their personal presence [ i.e. being portion of the obstructor themselves ] , B may hold believed that P and S were themselves in breach of the Highway Obstruction Act, and as such had evidences under s110 ( 1 ) of the 2005 Act to do an apprehension. For the apprehension to be lawful nevertheless, B must hold once more deemed the apprehensionnecessary[ s110 ( 4 ) ] upon one of the evidences specified in s110 ( 5 ) , and it is my contention that this statement would neglect: the facts presented to us make non bespeak that B of all time really asked P and S to travel themselves, simply to scatter some of the other dissenters, and as such an apprehension was non yetnecessaryin order to take the obstructor ; had they been asked to travel themselves and so refused, there is no uncertainty that all the legal commissariats would hold been satisfied to guarantee that the apprehension made by B was lawful, but this is non apparent from the facts provided, and this statement must therefore fail. With respects to B’s common jurisprudence power to do apprehension under the Public Order Act 1936 ; there is no grounds to propose that P and S were doing an altercation, or that their refusals were, or were likely to do any breach of the peace, and as such, in visible radiation of the determination in Wershof V Metropolitan Police Commissioner [ 1978 ] , we can disregard an probe into this possible claim. In decision, the apprehension of P and S had no lawful footing and must been seen as a cardinal breach of their cardinal human right to single autonomy, as protected by Article 5 of the ECHR and enacted into English jurisprudence by the Human Rights Act 1998. P and S would hence be absolutely within their rights to establish an action against the constabulary force on the land of improper apprehension. Likewise, it appears that B did non inform them of the grounds for the apprehension ( as required by PACE, s28 ) , and this would be sufficient evidences, in itself, for a successful action against the constabulary for improper apprehension ( e.g. Christie V Leachinski 1947 ) . As for the apprehension of Jane [ J ] and Robert [ R ] ; whilst s110 ( 5 ) ( two ) of the 2005 Act stipulates that an apprehension may be deemed necessary ( ss4 ) in order to forestall them from being harmed ( the employees of Cargo Ltd were endangering them with force ) , J and R were non themselves perpetrating any offense and as such no lawful apprehension could be justified under ss1 of this Act. Prima facie, their references made via loud-speakers might be seen as representing incitation to breach of the peace under the Public Order Act 1936, but there is no grounds provided which suggests that J. and R. were motivating the crowd to do any breach of the peace, and as such, in visible radiation of the determination in Wershof V Metropolitan Police Commissioner [ 1978 ] , must neglect. In decision, the apprehension of J and R had no lawful footing and must been seen as a cardinal breach of their cardinal human right to single autonomy, as protected by article 5 of the ECHR, as ena cted into English jurisprudence by the Human Rights Act 1998. J and R would hence be absolutely within their rights to establish an action against the constabulary force on this land. Likewise, it appears that B did non inform them of the grounds for the apprehension ( as required by PACE, s28 ) , and this would be sufficient evidences, in itself, for a successful action against the constabulary for improper apprehension ( e.g. Christie V Leachinski 1947 ) . This Section is designed ‘to protect the person against the extra or maltreatment of the power of apprehension, ’ ( Hill v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire 1990 ) in the same manner that Article 5 of the ECHR efforts to protect such violations of personal autonomy. As for the apprehensions of the eight demonstrators who lit a fire under the lorry ; clearly s110 ( 1 ) is satisfied by their blazing offense of incendiarism, and ss4 would be satisfied as an apprehension was necessary to forestall these attackers from doing farther harm ( s110 ( 5 ) ( degree Celsius ) ( three ) ) and to let the prompt and effectual probe of this offense and their behavior ( s110 ( 5 ) ( vitamin E ) ) . It should be noted that we are told the constabulary effected ‘several apprehensions including the eight demonstrators who had torched the lorry’ , connoting that more than these eight people were arrested. There is nil from the facts to bespeak which other parties were arrested, whether demonstrators or employees of Cargo Ltd, and as such any treatment of the legality of these extra apprehensions would be strictly bad. In respects to the duties of the demonstrators in this inquiry ; the jurisprudence must endeavor to strike the right balance between freedom of look, in leting protestors to voice their sentiments, and doing certain that the demonstrators do non motivate racial hate or alienation, promote blasphemy or promote violent behavior [ or take portion in such behaviour ] . In our instance the apprehensions of J, R, P and S were, leading facie, illegal ; none of these parties being in breach of their duties as demonstrators to maintain the peace ( we are even told that Peter and Susan urged the demonstrators to stay peaceable! ) . Clearly nevertheless the demonstrators responsible for the incendiarism onslaught on the lorry were in breach of their duties and the jurisprudence as such provided sufficient evidences for their lawful apprehension. With respect to B’s entrance of P and S’s premises: there is no indicant that they gave consent to such entry ( as per Code of Practice B, para 4 ) , and about surely B had non obtained a hunt warrant in conformity with subdivision 8 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. In Thomas V Sawkins [ 1935 ] , a common jurisprudence right to come in without such a warrant in order to ‘deal with or forestall a breach of the peace’ was entertained. In visible radiation of the fact that B entered on evidences that ‘he might happen inside informations of future riotous gatherings’ and as such, was for the specific intent of ‘preventing a [ hereafter ] breach of the peace’ , a tribunal might keep that such entry was lawful, although the instance of McLoed v UK ( 1998 ) seemed to set such a contention to rest as being a breach of Article 8 of the ECHR [ regard for place and private life ] . Assuming that a lawful right to entry could be e stablished, which I do non strongly believe to be the instance in visible radiation of the human rights context and the determination in the aforesaid ECHR instance, allow us now analyse the legality of the hunt conducted on P and S’s premises by Bacillus: Again, we can presume that B did non obtain a warrant to seek the premises. We besides know that P and S were non present in their house at the clip of, or instantly anterior to their apprehension. As such, the relevant jurisprudence is contained within s18 PACE, which permits a hunt of an arrested person’s house if ‘reasonable evidences exist to surmise that there is, on the premises, grounds associating to the offense for which the individual was arrested, or other arrest-able offences’ . B believed P and S to be trouble makers in visible radiation of their earlier refusals to collaborate, and as such there is no uncertainty that he believed such sensible evidences to be. As for B’s ictus of the cd-writer ; the instance of Ghani V Jones [ 1970 ] outlined status by which a constable may legitimately prehend points which have nil to make with his original grounds for entry. None of these conditions would be satisfied in this instance. S19 ( 2 ) PACE states that such points may be seized if there are sensible evidences to propose that the points in inquiry have been obtained through offense, and remotion of the points is necessary to forestall them being later concealed, lost, damaged or destroyed ; the presence of a bran-new boxed Cadmium author nevertheless does non look sufficient to warrant sensible evidences, and as such, I must reason that this ictus was improper. The last issue to discourse is the length of clip that P and S were detained at the constabulary station without charge ; in visible radiation of the fact that the apprehension was doubtless illegal, P and S would hold clear rights to take action for false imprisonment. If the apprehension had been lawful nevertheless, there would hold been no job with the length of clip [ 9 hours ] for which they were detained [ 96 hours maximum- PACE ] , every bit long as they were allowed to confer with a canvasser ( s58 PACE ) and have a friend or household informed of their apprehension and detainment ( s56 PACE ) , should they so wish. Mentions: Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 Public Order Act 1936 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1987 [ PACE ] Police Act 1997 Wershof V Metropolitan Police Commissioner [ 1978 ] 3 All ER 540 Hill V Chief Constable of South Yorkshire ( 1990 ) 1 All ER 1046 Thomas V Sawkins [ 1935 ] 2 KB 249 McLoed V UK ( 1998 ) 28 EHRR 493 Ghani V Jones [ 1970 ] 1 QB 693

Skill Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Skill Development - Essay Example The essay "Skill Development" talks about the managerial skills development through the analysis of a number of articles and books on a related subject. The process of employee motivation is very significant to any firm. Therefore, in order to get the desired outcomes, it is important to motivate employees for the work they do. This will make them more committed to their work and eventually will lead to high production and good performance. Employee motivation is essential because it ensures that human resource is active in order to accomplish organization goals and objectives. It also leads to the establishment of the friendly relationship among workers. Cooperation in any organization leads to stability and reduces organizational unrest and disputes. Employee development is also an important part that needs to be improved because I discovered that employees display job performance behaviors in part to improve their self-image, especially when their role is not clearly defined in the organization. The effect of these behaviors on managerial reward recommendation decisions should be powerful when managers believe the employees to be more committed to their work. I found out that poor performance could not be attributed to human nature but to an imperfect work system. Managers should realize that employees want self-control, self-direction, seeks and accepts responsibility, thus there was the need to have a strong employee development skill as this would establish a culture of accountability in the organization.

History of the Mexican Trains Ferrocarriles Research Paper

History of the Mexican Trains Ferrocarriles - Research Paper Example The transportation network has had a major part to play in the economic progression of every nation on the planet. A well constructed and collaborative transportation network is the only guarantee that goods, people and services can be located from one part of the country to another with speed, flexibility and at little cost. Transportation can be seen as having a direct link to economic expansion and sustenance. It is unrealistic to expect that one region or nation has the ability to produce all that it consumes. In a similar manner, it is unrealistic to assume that a region can consume all that it produces. In order to strike the balance between demand and supply of various kinds of goods and service it is essential to have a well planned and integrated transportation network to rely on. Only such a transport network could allow the impeccable coordination required between various sectors of the economy such as agriculture, mining, manufacturing, retailing etc. While the provision of a transport network is highly relevant to the modern economic system, but this was not always the case. Instead, a well integrated transportation network was required by nearly all great nations for keeping up with their military ambitions. Economic priorities remained secondary when the creation of a well integrated transportation network was taken into account during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Given the need to move economic goods as well as military goods, the preferential method of enhancing the transport network was to use railway links. This also coincided with the fact that road based automobiles were neither common nor highly appreciated in the nineteenth century. Instead, the railway networks of the era were highly preferred given the technical expertise in manufacturing and operating railway linkages. Another major factor that contributed to the growth of the railways in the era related to disposable incomes and the cost of early automobiles. Early automobi les were not only expensive to buy but were equally fiscally demanding in terms of operating and maintenance costs. The problem was compounded by the fact that the majority of people did not have the kinds of disposable incomes to buy and use road based vehicles as yet. In this scenario, it made far greater sense to set up railway linkages in order to enhance the overall transport infrastructure rather than concentrating on roads and automobiles. Vehement development of the railway networks continued throughout the nineteenth century and through the early to mid parts of the twentieth century around the world. Contemporary super powers and countries looking for economic development all looked towards large railway networks in order to support and sustain their economic growth. It is from this era that the British railway networks emerged and spanned nearly half the globe ranging from Africa to the Tibet plateau. In a similar manner, the United States was bent upon enlarging the exis ting railway network to connect the East Coast to the West Coast. A number of different strategies were adopted in order to provide impetus for the expansion of the existing railway network. Conditions in Germany and France were similar with Germany attempting to bridge the Middle East and Europe using a railway link

Agile Software Development Methodologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Agile Software Development Methodologies - Essay Example This paper presents an overview of the agile software development methodologies. The basic purpose of this research is to show that 'agile software development methodologies' are a superior design method that is why Scrum and XP rapidly emerging frameworks as  methodologies. This software development methodology is simple and much faster than all other traditional software development approaches. Basically, agile software development methodologies are based on iterations. In this scenario, small teams work jointly with other project stakeholders or customer to make out rapid prototypes, proof of concepts, or a wide variety of features in an attempt to classify the issue to be solved. In addition, the project team determines the necessary requirements for the iteration, develops the prototype, creates and runs suitable test scripts, and the user of the system authenticates the results of the tests. In the entire scenario, confirmation appears much earlier in the project development life cycle than it would with other traditional software development methodologies, and as a result allowing stakeholders to change requirements at the same time as they are still moderately painless to change (Serena, 2007; Rehman, ullah, Rauf, & Shahid, 2010). As discussed above, agile software development methodologies adopt the incremental and iterative way to improve the efficiency and usefulness of the overall software development process. ... bt, the customer’s contribution and active participation in the software development process helps software project teams build exact and high quality product. Another most important advantage of agile software development methodologies is that they do not engage a lot of documentation for the reason that the software development team depends almost completely on informal internal communication. In addition, agile software development methodologies offer an excellent support for the implementation of changes and continually revising any other stage of the software development process. Additionally, the outcomes of the agile software development methodologies come out in small incremental editions or releases keeping in mind the changing requirements of the project. If a change has been made to the existing requirements, then it is updated in the next iteration. Thus, the basic goal of agile software development methodologies is to give pleasure to the customers by satisfying t heir requirements at any stage of the project development life cycle (Rehman, ullah, Rauf, & Shahid, 2010; Boehm & Turner, 2003). In addition, the agile software development methodologies are aimed at effectively dealing with the changes throughout the software development process. For instance, agile development methodologies such as SCRUM, Feature-Driven Development, and eXtreme Programming (XP) intend to minimize the expenses of changes all the way through the software development life cycle. In this scenario, XP is based on the quick iterative planning and development cycles with the intention of forcing trade-offs and offering the utmost value characteristics as soon as possible. Also, XP incorporates a wonderful characteristic recognized as â€Å"constant and systemic testing† to

Problem of Environmental Pollution

Problem of Environmental Pollution Environmental pollution â€Å"The sun, the moon and the stars would have disappeared long ago had they happened to be within the reach of predatory human hands.† (Havelock Ellis) We have stepped into the twenty first century, in this century; one of biggest problem faced so far is environmental pollution. Environmental pollution is the contamination caused by man made waste of air, water and land, which effect s or causes discomfort in the ecosystem of earth. Air pollution and water pollution are the most dangerous environmental pollution in earth. According to Havelock If humans could reach the sun, moon and stars they would have even polluted them. This essay will discuss the consequences of man made pollution to environment and its solution. The essential oxygen for our body is supplied by air. Human activities release substance into the air, which can cause many problems to human, animals and plants. Some of the effects of air pollution are reducing lung faction, Irritation of eyes, nose, mouth and throat, Asthma attacks, Respiratory symptoms such as coughing and wheezing, reduced energy levels, Headaches and dizziness, Disruption of reproductive and immune systems, Cardio problems, Cancer, Premature death.(Tropical rain forest animals.com). According to many doctors these are some of the diseases that are spread by breathing polluted air. One of the major causes of air pollution is â€Å"Global Warming†. Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of earths surface. â€Å"The temperature of the earth is controlled by the balance between the input from the sun and the loss of this back into space†.(Maslin, p 4). Human activities have sent harmful gases to the space, which has resulted in to a whole in the ozone layer of the earth which protects the suns heat form reaching earth. â€Å"The gas carbon dioxide has been emitted into the atmosphere in increasing amounts over the past two hundred years and more substantially over the past fifty years. Every year these emissions currently add to the carbon already present in the atmosphere a further eight hundred thousand million tones.†(Houghton, p 13) One of the biggest global warming effects is polar ice cap melting. â€Å"According to national snow and ice data centre there are 5,773,000 cubic tones of water is available in the earth in the form of ice and snow. If all these ice and snow starts to meltdown in once, the sea level will rise up to two hundred and fifty feet higher† (Simmon 2007), which might cause natural disasters like tsunami, hurricane Katrina and etc. One of the other effects of air pollution is disease and premature deaths. As every one knows oxygen is an essential for a human or an animal to live. The factories, other building in the industrialized places and motor vehicles release harmful gas as waste; this gas gets mixed up with the natural air. When humans and animals breathe this unhealthy air they fall ill. If a pregnant mother breaths this air in can even cause death to her baby. These are some of the effects of air pollution. In this world one third is covered with water in the form of ocean, lakes, rivers and etc. â€Å"Water Pollution means, the contaminated water which cannot be used for any purpose† (Mc Kinney, p 408). The causes of water pollution are industrial waste, oil, radio active waste and marine dumping. When water is polluted in cannot be used for drinking, cannot be used for the crops by farmers and for other essential purposes. The effects of air pollution are diseases caused by drinking water, human and animal deaths and affecting the gene. Water is one of the basic needs of human and others lives. Human activity like dumping waste in oceans has polluted the water. All the forms of water are inter connected, when people dump plastic, papers, card board and other items which takes time to degrade, pollutes the whole water. One of the other water pollution effects is human and animal deaths. As every one knows human body and animal body is some of the greatest creations of god. We humans pollute dump all the waste in sea which will take time to dissolve. Due to the waste, chemical and toxic it poisons the water. When human and wild animals drink this water they fall sick then die mainly in developing countries. The other main effect of water pollution is effect on the genes. In many industrialized area all the factory waste and toxic are dumped in sea. The poor people who live around that area consume water from that sea which will be connected to rivers. When pregnant woman consume that water it directly affects the babys gene. When this baby is born there are many chances of this baby being born disabled or paralyzed. These are some of the effects of water pollution. Prevention is all ways better than cure. There is all ways prevention available for every possible disaster man had made to this earth. Firstly here are some of the prevention methods for air pollution. In our world one of the biggest industries that are growing is automobile industry. Do you know how much smoke is released in an average auto mobile? The answer is a lot. Because auto mobile has been an essential human need. To avoid the air pollution by auto mobile people should be advised to use public transport and government should encourage companies to produce electric car and other auto mobile which will not effect the environment. The other air pollution problem is the harmful gas released by factories. Best way to prevent this is to bring out laws to reduce factories that are releasing harmful gas or encourage them to use green methods for their factory activities which can bring out greener product to the society. â€Å"Legislation, such as the clean air act, helps to make sure that the main culprits of air pollution are properly regulated and mandatory laws are in place to ensure that air pollution prevention is taken seriously.†(www.controllingpollution.com) One of the other ways to prevent air pollution is to bring out and implement laws that will help to reduce the usage products that will release harmful gas and pollute the air. Laws like maximum gas products a house hold can use, maximum auto mobile a family can have, and rewards for people who use green products that will help the environment should be brought to encourage the society to become green user. And finally a prevention method for air pollution is creating awareness among the people. You always remember to share you thoughts about air pollution with all the other people in your society, which might help to educate them about the air pollution and its effects to environment. These are some of the prevention methods of air pollution. Other set of prevention methods that can prevent environmental pollution is for the water pollution. The first method of preventing water pollution is using purified water. Consuming purified and healthy water is a very important activity for human and other living organism. In previous paragraphs the effects of using unhealthy or polluted water was explained. When you consume purified water you can avoid many of the diseases caused consuming by polluted water. Water is one of the best medicines naturally available on earth. We should all ways remember to use boiled and germs free water to drinking purpose. And one of the other problems of water pollution is the factories that releases waste into river or lake. In many factories their waste pipe is led to a river or lake which is located next to their factory. The government should fine these kinds of factories who are not following the safety rules that are set to protect public. These factories should all so be dislocated from the area In order to clean the waste dumped in to rivers. â€Å"One of the main reasons why water pollution is still such a threat to our planets health is because the governments of the world either choose to ignore the pollution that business is responsible for or because they want to give businesses ten years to change their industry.†(www.scipeeps.com) According to this article if government decided to shut down a factory they should give them ten years change their industry of the business which might lead to lose of a income to government. These are some the prevention methods for water pollution. In conclusion, there are two main environmental pollution available. One is air pollution and other one is water pollution. Mainly all this pollution is caused by man. As the result of mans activity now the human and other living organism are facing many difficulties. The earth is a beautiful place but he humans with out appreciating we are causing many discomfort to it, forgetting that what ever you do to earth we are the ones who is going to struggle out of it.â€Å"When we heal the earth, we heal ourselves.†(David). If we decide to clean the mess that we have made in the earth, the earth will be a better place. If Humans decided to continue these activities, in future none of us will be left to alive in the world. We could even change this world in to a dessert, which many of us wont like it. So we should act fast because after us there are many generations to come in to this world. Bibliography David Orr http://www.quotegarden.com/environment.html (Retrieved 20/11/09) Different Ideas for Prevention of Air Pollution http://www.controllingpollution.com/prevention/prevention-of-air-pollution/ (Retrieved 29/11/09) Havelock Ellis, The Dance of Life, 1923 http://www.quotegarden.com/environment.html (retrieved 20/11/09) John Houghton (2009), what is global warming. Global warming-the complete briefing (Page 13), New York, Cambridge university press. Mark Maslin (2004), the earths natural green house. Global Warming- a very short introduction,(page 4),New York, oxford university press. Micheal L.Mckinney,Robert M.Schoch, Logan Yonavjak, (2007) Water pollution. Environmental Science: Systems and solution, fourth edition (page 408), Sudbury, Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Pollution effects on human, animals, plants and the environment, 2008: http://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/pollution-effects.html (Retrieved 15/11/09) Simmon 2007, 5 deadliest effects of global warming: http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/sciencetech/5-deadliest-effects-of-global-warming/276 (Retrieved 14/11/09) Water pollution prevention, May 28, 2009 http://scipeeps.com/water-pollution-prevention/ (Retrieved 29/11/09) Sakthivel Senthooran (SASED93)

Essay --

William Jewell History and Student Programs William Jewell was founded by affiliates of the Missouri Baptist convention in 1849. The college shares the name of Dr. William Jewell, because he donated $10,000 to the creation of the school. The school was originally associated with the Missouri Baptist convention, but in 2003 it became an independent college. One of the more famous campus chapels is the John Gano chapel; it was funded by John Gano’s great-granddaughter, Elizabeth Price, in 1926. However, the first building made was Jewell hall, which remains the focal point of the campus. Jewell’s first gymnasium separate from the school was made in 1896. World War One, as well as the burning of another women’s college in the area lead to women coming to Jewell, and they received the same admittance as men at the time. During World War Two, Jewell had a naval flight training school. This brought them more students during this time and in the years following. Jewell has had four presidents speak and many of th e world’s leading performers has have recitals on the Jewell campus. Jewell has more than seventy student programs. Including things like, Fellowship for Christian athletes, honors societies, orchestras and choirs, and many sorority and fraternity options. Jewell has dormitories on campus, and it is required that students live on campus for their first four years, with few exceptions. Background Information William Jewell is a liberal arts college in Liberty, Missouri with majors and minors from business to theatre. Jewell admission starts at $40,030 for room and board, tuition, and other fees. However, due to the fact that is a private school, it is generous with scholarships. William Jewell currently has a campus of 1,100 ful... ... musically and many other ways. William Jewell has the only Oxbridge program in existence (as stated earlier in the paper). Jewell also has the Harriman-Jewell series, and the teachers have an intimate relationship with the students. The students get to know one another by living on campus and through the numerous student run organizations. Summary William Jewell is strong academically, musically, and socially. It gives students opportunities to interact socially with other students and teachers with the small class size. Jewell is in a location that is conveniently near home but far enough away that I can be isolated. I would be able to satisfy my needs and enjoy myself with the clubs. I would be able to be a part of the track team and I would be able to thrive on the violin. The weather is mild but warm in the spring and early fall. So, I could be a cardinal.

Analysis of American History X Essay

In this assignment, I was challenged to find important historical and cultural connections of the film American History X and analyze the important rhetorical of my findings. I went about choosing American History X by placing a poll on Facebook listing out the films that I had any slight interest in considering for this assignment and American History X won by a landslide. I was actually somewhat disappointed, because I wanted to do The X-Files, but I chose to stick to my promise and go with whatever text won. I watched American History X some years after its release in 1998. Although, I know I must have watched it sometime after I got out of high school because at the time of its release I was 12 years old and with the amount of violence in that film I know I did not watch it with my parents. From the little memory I had of the film from the first time, I could only recall that American History X had a lot to do with white supremacy and racism, that Edward Norton played the lead ro le and that the kid who played in the first Terminator was his brother and was all grown up. I hesitated watching the film again for quite sometime because I knew I would need to dedicate a solid two hours of mental energy towards it. One could argue that I was merely just procrastinating; however, I benefitted from having done so because future class discussions provided a foundation for how I could study the film. After reading about and discussing in class the topic of approaching a text organically, I decided to implement that mentality and view the film as objectively as non-object individual can. It is difficult to say whether it was that approach that ultimately led to my findings in the film, or if I would have discovered them anyway since it was my second time viewing the film. Everyone can appreciate that after the second and third time of watching any film you begin to pick up on things you missed the first time. In either case, I found the movie to be incredibly eye opening and I enjoyed having to research the history surrounding the film and, ultimately, the state of the nation during what was my childhood. American History X is a film that depicts a traditional white family in the mid 1990s, but spot lights the two brothers’ journeys into maturity. The movie focuses on the older brother Derek, played by Edward Norton, and how Derek’s Neo-Nazi associations in his life greatly influence his younger brother Danny, played by Edward Furlong. Fueled by rage of his father’s death, the film opens with a scene of Derek brutally killing three young black men who were attempting to steal his father’s truck. Derek is then sent to prison for 3 years during which time his younger brother Danny begins to follow in Derek’s footsteps with the Neo-Nazi organization. The movie flips between black-and-white scenes of the past and color scenes of the present. The black-and-white flashbacks attempt to illuminate Danny’s perception of Derek’s past life while intermittently presenting how Derek overcame is his own hatred. The color scenes portray the present and highlight the effects the hatred has had on the entire family. Overall, the movie critiques on not only the effects of urban racism and bigotry, but a lso the how minds of young people are so impressionable. The film even succeeds in creating a sense of sympathy for characters that are typically hated, Neo-Nazi racist skinheads, and paints them not as foolish, uneducated racist bigots, but instead as misguided intelligent human beings. On the surface the film discusses racism, violence, and bigotry, but upon closer examination I found a deeper message within the film. Watching it a second time, I realized that this film is really emphasizing the lack of critical thinking skills in young people, particularly in teenagers and young adults and how impressionable their minds are. Then, upon further research related to those very topics it touches on in the film, I discovered that the entire movie itself actually harbors an obscure form of racism that was reflected in many movies throughout the 1990s. Needless to say, even in today’s society we deal with these same issues of racism and intolerance for other people’s beliefs. However, within the most recent years it has evolved to focus more on the gay, lesbian and transgender community. History certainly can be seen as repeating itself as many of the arguments that gays and lesbians make regarding their civil rights and discrimination almost mirror the same arguments made back in the 1960s during the civil right movement. Reverend Dr. Phil Snider made this connection so blatantly clear in his speech that went viral on YouTube that he gave before the Springfield City Council of Missouri just a few weeks ago. In his speech, Dr. Snider cleverly took quotes directly from speeches given by white preachers in favor of racial segregation in the 1950 and 1960s and merely substituted select words and inserted ‘gays and lesbians’ (â€Å"Preacher Phil Snider Gives Interesting Gay Rights Speech†). I think the twist of his speech highlights the main issues regarding any form of racism and discrimination and they most certainly could be applied to the issues of racism that America faced in the 1990s. The 1990s was saturated with debates over, court cases involving and numerous media outlets centering on the issues of racism and affirmative action. In May of 1992, Newsweek printed an article entitled â€Å"The Crossroads of Shattered Dreams† that summarized the conflicts of racism in the early 90s stating, â€Å"white[s] charge that affirmative action is unfair†¦blacks respond that it was unfair for them to be starved of opportunities by 300 years of slavery and discrimination.† That same year, the verdict of Rodney King’s case outraged the black community and sparked riots lasting six days with over 2,000 people injured and 55 people killed (â€Å"Riots Erupt in Los Angeles†). In March of 1996, the three white law school candidates charged that they were unfairly discriminated against and rejected for entrance into the school for less qualified minorities in the famous case Hopwood v. Texas Law School (â€Å"Hopwood v. University Texas Law School †). Just prior to the release of American History X in 1998, California enacted Proposition 209, which amended the state’s constitution to ban preferential treatment of any persons based on race or gender in public sector education, employment, and contracting (Parker). All of these enormously impactful events and numerous others shaped much of the discrimination that occurred in the 1990s. In fact, sociological research confirms â€Å"discrimination is more often the result of organizational practices that have unintentional effects† or predispositions â€Å"linked to social stereotypes and does not so much stem from individual prejudices† (Tomaskovic-Devey). Nevertheless, the culmination of these types of incidents led to a demand for Hollywood to â€Å"headline positive characters of color† (Hughey 549). Producers and directors felt pressure to make-up for their own history of racist filmmaking and, consequently, this also gave rise to the development of a veiled type of racism within films referred to by Hughey himself as the â€Å"cinethetic racism†(550). Cinethetic racism in the 1990s was typically found in films that have a black character whose purpose in the film is to support the white protagonist. Typically this black character, coined the â€Å"magical Negro† by Hughey, was portrayed as the voice of reason, or having some other type wisdom, within the film and who selflessly helps the white character achieve his goals. â€Å"These films rest on friendly, helpful, bend-over-backwards black characters that do not seek to change their own impoverished status, but instead exhibit a primordial, hard-wired desire to use their magical power to correct the wrongs in a white world† (Hughey 556). The concept expressed in this quote is clearly evident in the film American History X during the many scenes of Derek in prison working in the laundry room with Lamont, a friendly black prisoner who attempts to befriend him. Eventually Derek is able let down his guard and the future interactions between them usually consist of Lamo nt humorously explaining how things work within the prison. There is one scene, however, that does somewhat contradict this concept of a â€Å"magical Negro† and, instead, causes Derek to experience a form of guilt. This contradiction is depicted in the scene of Lamont and Derek working in the laundry room and Derek very genuinely asks Lamont why he is in prison. Lamont explains how he was sentenced for assault on a police officer because he accidently dropped a TV on the officer’s foot that he was trying to steal. Derek initially resists and jokingly asks Lamont to tell the truth, but Lamont insists that he did not assault the police officer and only dropped the TV on the officer’s foot. This is the pivotal moment within the movie that shows Derek’s guilt and sympathy for the first time towards a black person. I think this is the most important scene throughout the entire film because it gives the audience exactly what they want: they want to see Derek experience this epiphany and for him to recognize how he has perpetuated discrimination against black people. But it does not take very long for the film to revert right back into the traditional cinethetic racist ways. In Derek’s last interaction with Lamont, the audience learns that during Derek’s stay within prison Lamont was protecting him from further beatings and rape after Derek chose to no longer affiliate with the Neo-Nazis within the prison. That scene ultimately preserves the concept of the â€Å"magical Negro† and that black people have this underlying desire to serve to the needs of white people. I liken this idea of cinethetic racism to what actors refer to the subtext of a script. Normally, the subtext refers to the underlying motives of a particular character, but this concept of cinethetic racism is like the â€Å"subtext† of an entire film. â€Å"Of greatest critical concern is how [magical Negro] films advantageously shore up white supremacist and normative orders while ostensibly posturing as an irreverent challenge to them† (Hughey 553). On the surface it appears to be a film that tries to defeat racism, but ironically there are hidden agendas that completely go against the moral of this story. Just as magical Negros are a disguised form of racism found in American films in the 1990s, there were also disguised forms of racism going on politically throughout the nation, more specifically in California. During the 1990s, racism and civil rights disputes were approaching the heights they reached in the civil rights era of the 1960s. However, after many decades of affirmative action policies attempting to right the wrongs minorities faced and with California experiencing an economic downturn, many whites became less tolerant of minorities receiving preferential treatment through affirmative action programs (Alvarez). Now the whites are claiming they were discriminated against in a form of â€Å"reverse discrimination.† What I find so interesting about the idea of â€Å"reverse discrimination† is that it implies that discrimination only naturally goes in one direction: whites against minorities. And, furthermore, that there will always be a certain level of racism, as if to suggest that there is a threshold for which it is acceptable, but also that it is the responsibility of the majority, white people, to keep it in check. Yet the moment any form of racism or discrimination is felt against whites, it is completely intolerable and demands political action. It was the supporters of Proposition 209 that argued that current affirmative action programs led public employers and universities to reject applicants because of their race, and that Proposition 209 would â€Å"return [us] to the fundamentals of our democracy,† as summarized in an article capturing the main arguments of Proposition 209 entitled â€Å"Prohibition Against Discrimination.† With in the same article it preached, â€Å"let us not perpetuate the myth that ‘minorities’ and women cannot compete without special preferences†¦vote for fairness not favoritism.† The fairness of Proposition 209 has been hotly debatably ever since it was enacted in 1997, but I think the dinner scene with Derek and his father in American History X most succinctly sums up the mindset of the many supporters of Proposition 209. The scene opens with a dinner table conversation between Derek and his father about the material he is learning for his English class. His father than expresses his distaste for such material with the following monologue: â€Å"All this stuff about making everything equal†¦ it’s not as easy as it looks†¦you gotta trade in great books for black books now? You gotta question these things Derek. We are not just talking about books here, we’re talking about my job. I got two blacks guys on my squad now that got their jobs over a couple of white guys who actually scored higher on the test. Does that make sense? They got their job because they were black not because they were the best? America’s about if you do your best you get the job†¦not this affirmative blacktion crap†¦.it’s nigger bullshit.† This dinner scene perfectly exemplifies the concept that 1) the moment whites feel they are being discriminated they instantly raise the red flag and 2) that â€Å"discrimination is more often the result of organizational practices that have unintentional effects [†¦] and does not so much stem from individual prejudices,† as I stated earlier. Another aspect that I find so interesting about American History X was how writer David McKenna was able to pull directly from real life situations to add dialogue into this screenplay. McKenna and Edward Norton actually rewrote a portion of the script quoting from Governor Pete Wilson’s speech advocating Proposition 209 in 1995 (Goldstein). More importantly, it was used in a scene where Derek is trying to energize a group of young skin heads before they vandalize a grocery store owned by minorities. I find it so ironic that the character of a racist Neo-Nazi was reciting actual words from a speech promoting the removal of affirmative actions polices that were, allegedly, intended to reduce discrimination and increase equality. When I discovered this tidbit of information I was completely blown away. I had no idea how closely this movie reflected real problems going on in society in the 1990s. McKenna’s use of Pete Wilson’s speech is clearly an example of art ref lecting reality, but Pete Wilson’s speech was not the only source from reality in which McKenna got his inspiration. McKenna grew up in Southern California, where the film story takes place, and personally witnessed bigotry and racism (Bruce). From his encounters and extensive research, McKenna decided that the point he tried â€Å"to make in the script is that a person is not born a racist†¦[McKenna] wanted an accurate portrayal of how good kids from good families can get so terribly lost† (Bruce). Personally, I think McKenna succeeded in having that be the main message of the film: the impressionability of a young mind and that all behaviors are learned. The film simultaneously follows Derek’s upbringing and how he becomes involved in the Neo-Nazi organization and how his involvement with that group greatly influenced his younger brother Danny. The dinner scene I detailed above is the key scene from McKenna’s screenplay that supports the idea that racism is a learned behavior stemmed from outside organizational practices. However, despite how well received the movie was and the numerous nominations Edward Norton received for his performance, that is not the original message the director intended. Tony Kaye was the director of American History X and, ironically, he also turned out to be a major competing persuasive force throughout the entire film making process. Kaye battled with directors, producers, writer David McKenna and Edward Norton himself claiming that New Line Cinema never allowed him to create his vision of the film going as far as to take out full page ads in trade magazines bashing the film and even requested to have his name removed from the film entirely and replaced with the pseudonym â€Å"Humpy Dumpty† (Goldstein). In a statement made shortly after the film’s release, Kaye contended that Edward Norton edited a majority of the film in order to increase his screen time in the film and that the producers did not allow Kaye an â€Å"opportunity to present a black voice to provide depth and balance to the film† and furthered that he wanted the film to be an â€Å"homage to free speech and responsibility† (Leinberger). I think the main reason why Kaye’s original vision never made it to the film was because it clashed so much with McKenna’s original message. McKenna wrote the film based off of his personal experience witnessing acts of racisms in Southern California in throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s. Whereas, Kaye is not only much older than McKenna, but grew up in United Kingdom and had only been living in the United states for a few years before he got involved in the film at all, and, therefore, did not quite have the same outlook for the script (Topel). It should also be noted that this was Kaye’s first feature film and his previous directing experience came from extensive work with TV commercials and music videos (Goldstein). And while McKenna himself may not have been directly involved during the filming process, as most writers are not, I think Edward Norton and the producers all believed in and followed McKenna’s vision because of how much it related to the struggles that America was facing at that time. This is not to suggest that Kaye’s vision for the film was wrong, but that producers have to consider what the audience wants and expects to see. From studying American History X, I have learned how racism evolved in a very peculiar fashion. As racism, specifically towards black people, became less and less accepted by whites over the last 150 years, certain segments of society seemed to find ways to continue a small, but undeniable level of racism since it was no longer socially acceptable among the general population to outwardly express it with for instance, lynching. Racism and discrimination has certainly come a long way over the last sixty years, but it has definitely not been eradicated. In fact, some would argue that now whites are beginning to experience a type of â€Å"reverse discrimination† due unforeseen effects from affirmative action programs. In regards to American films however, one would have to sit down personally with directors and producers of 1990s films to determine if they intentionally created these magical Negro characters in order to perpetuate racism. Aside from the fact that it is highly unlikely that anyone would ever openly admit to that, I personally think that cinethetic racism and the magical Negro were just an unintended consequence of a fad that was going on throughout Hollywood at the time, the fad being to have black people portray certain qualities of wisdom and â€Å"magical powers† within films. In either case, it is very curious that a movie such as America History X meets the qualifications for cinethetic racism. In my opinion, for a film that was intended to enlighten the audience of the problem of racism in America, yet ultimately perpetuated a veiled version of it, could no more flawlessly fit into this concept of cinethetic racism. Also, the argument of whether or not reality reflects art or if art reflects reality is just as frustrating to argue as whether the chicken or the egg came first. But in the case for this film, I would contend that American History X, art, is reflecting reality. In fact, the notion behind cinethetic racism and the magical Negro tie in so neatly with the arguments for Proposition 209 and Gov. Pete Wilson’s speech that it is just uncanny. With a closer look into both, one can see that each share their own masked form of racism veiled as though whites are helping minorities. Art was imitating the subversive racism that was occurring in r eality. As an actor myself, I think it is unfortunate for director Tony Kaye that, for whatever reason, he was not able to get his original vision of the film produced. I think because of the numerous racially historical events that were occurring the 1990s that producing a movie which centered on the freedom of speech around racism as Kaye originally intended, was the last thing any audience wanted to watch in a theatre. All in all, I think film did a fabulous job highlighting historical events and attitudes going on throughout society during the 1990s, despite the fact that the film may be perpetuating racism at a subversive level. Works Cited American History X. Dir. Tony Kaye. Perf. Edward Norton and Edward Furlong. New Line Cinemas, 1998. Film. Alvarez, R. Michael, and Lisa G. Bedolla. â€Å"The Revolution Against Affirmative Action in California: Racism, Economics, and Proposition 209.† State Politics and Policy Quarterly 4.1 (2004): 1-17. Sage Publications, Inc. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. Bruce, David. â€Å"Racism in America=Hating Others.† American History X: A Hollywood Jesus Film Review. HollywoodJesus.com, n. d. Web. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. . Goldstein, Patrick. â€Å"Courting Trouble.† Edward Norton Information Page. N.p., 13 1998. Web. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Hopwood v. University of Texas Law School†. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 21 Oct. 2012 . Hughey, Matthew W. â€Å"White Redemption and Black Stereotypes in â€Å"Magical Negro† Films.† Social Problems 56.3 (2009): 543-77. www.jstor.org. University of California Press, 2009. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. . Leinberger, Gisela. â€Å"Film Director Tony Kaye Makes Statement at Berlin’s Brandenberg Gate; Director of ‘American History X’ Speaks to Film’s Issues.† PR News Wire. N.p., n. d. Web. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. . Parker, Beth H. â€Å"The Impact of Proposition 209 on Education, Employment and Contracting.† ERA: Prop 209 Impact. Equal Rights Advocates, n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. . Preacher Phil Snider Gives Interesting Gay Rights Speech. Perf. Rev. Dr. Phil Snider. Www.YouTube.com. YouTube, 13 Aug. 2012. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Prohibition Against Discrimination or Preferential Treatment by State and Other Public Entities. Initiative Constitutional Amendment..† California’s 1996 General Election Web Site! . N.p., n. d. Web. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Riots erupt in Los Angeles.† 2012. The History Channel website. Oct 21 2012 . Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald, and Patricia Warren. â€Å"Explaining and Eliminating Racial Profiling.† Contexts. American Sociological Association, 2009. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. . Topel, Fred. â€Å"Interview with Lake of Fire Filmmaker Tony Kaye.† About.com Oct 21 2012. Whitaker, Mark. â€Å"A Crisis Of Shattered Dreams.† Newsweek. 5 1991: 1. Web. 19 Oct. 2012..

Example Sentences Using Irregular Verbs in All Tenses

Example Sentences Using Irregular Verbs in All Tenses For an English language learner, regular verbs are consistent and easier to learn than irregular verbs. The main difference between regular and irregular verbs is in the past participle and past simple. For regular verbs, you just have to add -ed for both the past participle and past simple: I visited my friends in Milan. (past simple)Shes visited her friends in Milan throughout the years. (present perfect)   Irregular verbs, on the other hand, are more complicated and often need to be studied individually because they dont follow a single pattern. The following example sentences in all tenses will help students learn irregular verb forms in context. Example Sentences Using Irregular Verbs Click on one of the irregular verbs listed below for example sentences using the verbs in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. To help you choose the verb you need, each verb includes three example sentences  to get you started. be  / was / were / been Tom was in New York yesterday.Ive been at this job for a long time.Shell be at the party next weekend. beat /  beat / beaten We beat the home team yesterday.Ive never beaten Tom at chess.Do you think you could beat him? become  / became / become Jason has become an excellent doctor.Ill become your friend if you move here.The situation became a problem for Bob. begin  / began / begun They havent begun the play yet.I began to work early this morning.Shell begin to explain in a moment. bend  / bent / bent He bent the branch until it broke.The flag poll bends in the wind.Ive bent the nail in the board.   break  / broke / broken My boy has broken three windows this week!I broke that window last week.She usually breaks the egg over the sink.   buy  / bought / bought Janice bought a new watch last week.I usually buy my vegetables at a country stand.Hes bought more than 10 cars in his life.   come  / came / come We came home earlier yesterday.He comes to class on time every day.Hes come across that song before.   cut  / cut / cut How many  pieces have you cut?I cut my finger on a glass yesterday.The boy never cuts his own steak. draw  / drew / drawn She drew a beautiful picture in class.Jackie has drawn a few clowns this week.Shell draw the money from the account tomorrow.   drink / drank / drunk I was so thirsty I drank two bottles of water.Have you drunk any water yet?Ill drink something when I get there.   drive  /  drove / driven Have you ever driven across the U.S.?I drove to the basketball game after work.Hes going to drive to the airport this evening.   eat /  ate / eaten We ate lunch early today.Have you eaten already?Where did you eat dinner yesterday? find  / found / found Have you found him yet?I found this book on that table over there.Ill find him, dont worry! fly /  flew / flown Cheryl flew to Brazil last month.Have you ever flown around the world?Hes going to fly a commercial airliner someday. forget  / forgot / forgotten (U.S.)  - forgot (UK) Have you forgotten that you had an appointment?I forgot my pen at home. Can I borrow yours?Youll have forgotten by the time you get home.   give /  gave / given   They gave us an early appointment.Hes given up on trying to learn Japanese.Ill give you a call next week.   go  / went / gone Have you ever gone on vacation alone?Shes going to ride the bus to work today.I went to the party last week.   grow /  grew / grown   She grew up very poor.The plants have all grown.Did you grow that plant? have  / had / had I had some toast for breakfast.Ive had some extra free time this week.Shell have the package ready when you come.   hit /  hit / hit Hes hit me three times!Bob hit the ball out of the park last night.He usually hits his nine iron well. hold  / held / held   She held on tightly and entered the tunnel.Ive held her hand before.Hold on for a few more minutes.   keep /  kept / kept Have you kept your word to Peter?John kept the door open for his mother.Ill keep your secret. know  / knew / known I knew that once ...Ive known my best friend for more than 40 years.Peter will know the answer.   learn /  learned (learnt UK) / learned (learnt UK) Have you learnt (learned) anything yet?He learned his lesson last week.This has been learned for ages.   leave  / left / left   We left the book at home.Hes left the house early this morning.Well leave as soon as you get home.   lose  / lost / lost I lost my watch yesterday.Shes never lost her purse.Theyll lose patience if you dont hurry up.   make / made / made I made the bed before I left.Ive made some tea. Would you like some?Will he make the meeting next week? meet / met / met Have you met Jack?Were going to meet at 3 oclock next week.He met his wife in Hawaii.   pay  / paid / paid He paid by credit card.Ill pay the bill and we can leave.Janet is paid by the hour.   put  / put / put She put on a CD and relaxed for the afternoon.Ive put in for a new job.Shell put him up for the night.   ride  / rode / ridden Mary rode the bus to work.Ive ridden a bike all my life.Shell ride with Tim to the party.   run  / ran / run I ran four miles yesterday.Weve run out of milk, so Ill go to the store.David usually runs two miles a day. see  / saw / seen Have you seen Angie yet?I saw the film last week.Shes going to see her friend next weekend.   If youd like to check your knowledge, take this  English irregular verbs quiz.

The Northcliffe Revolution Essays

The Northcliffe Revolution Essays The Northcliffe Revolution Essay The Northcliffe Revolution Essay The intention of this paper is to explore the notion that Lord Northcliffe, the owner of popular papers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries such as the Daily Mail, had such a pivotal role in the press of the epoch that he could be easily described as possessing such incredible power as to revolutionise a growing industry, such as that of the print based press. To be able to develop upon, or dismantle, such a widely debated topic of the era in which the press industries boomed and caused this vast and historical moment of the public communications field, I intend to analyse both the suggestions which support and the suggestions which disagree with the notion that Northcliffe had such a pivotal role in defining how the press developed in the period 1890-1930. Questions have been raised as to whether or not the so-called Northcliffe Revolution is really a useful way of understanding developments in British press in the above-mentioned period, 1890-1930. Francis Williams who was the 1940s press officer to Labour M. P. Atley claimed that Northcliffe started a revolution in the press industry, whereas Jean Chalaby would argue that Northcliffe didnt produce revolutionary ideas when it came to journalism etc, he more simply applied improved, and developed, upon existing techniques (Chalaby: 2000: 27). It is from these sort of fundamental arguments that the intentions of this essay will be based, and from this will come an opinion on the usefulness of understanding press developments between 1890 and 1930 through the perspective of the Northcliffe Revolution. Northcliffe himself knew the importance that a national daily newspaper would mean to him financially and so introduced to the nation its first daily paper The Daily Mail. It was Northcliffes entrepreneurial desire to achieve this target that led to the Daily Mail reaching a circulation of just a few thousand under 1 million readers at 989,000 (Williams: 1998: 56). But this would not have been possible if not for the mass use of advertising within his publication. Advertising During the period of 1890-1930 the print based press undoubtedly developed financially. As is understandable the costs in order to produce a publication such as a daily newspaper rose considerably. During the 1830s, publicist Henry Hetherington needed only thirty pounds in order to start his paper, whereas Lord Northcliffe needed almost six hundred thousand pounds in order for his Daily Mail venture to get off the ground and become a realisation (Curran Seaton: 1991: 35). It was through this knowledge that Northcliffe knew that revenue would need to be gained through some other approach. Northcliffe also understood the need to keep the cost of buying a publication for the average consumer down to the minimum as to attract a continual and loyal following. Thus, Lord Northcliffe pioneered the use of mass advertising. Undeniably, advertising had always had a part to play, but Kevin Williams, who wrote Get me a murder a day! : A History of Mass Communications in Britain, would argue that there had never been such an indisputable link, at that moment in time, between the advertisers and the major publications. Advertising became not only the main source of revenue but also the main way of keeping prices down, so in turn newspapers ceased to sell at their factual outlay and the cover price of the newspapers was subsidised by advertising profits. Williams though, recognises the fact that Northcliffe had a major part to play in the area of advertising, but he does recognise the fact that major publications that were not Northcliffes were already heavily reliant on the advertising side of their revenue. By the late eighteen-eighties, nearly sixty one percent of the column space of the Telegraph, forty nine percent of The Times and just over forty percent of the Scotsman were devoted to advertising. This seems to point to the notion that the application of advertising was already a major factor of publication revenue and not a revolutionary idea drummed up by the ever power-increasing Lord Northcliffe. Other factors though, indicate a very strong argument in favour of the Northcliffe Revolution idea. Lord Northcliffe certainly can be acknowledged as being the founder of the idea in which circulation figures are printed on the cover of the publication. Lord Northcliffe knew that his newspapers were the major players in their respective target markets, and he recognized that if advertisers had a realisation that this was accurate then they would be more inclined to pay his publications for advertising than his competitors, and so front-page circulation statistics were born. Coupled with this new idea of openly printing the newspapers circulation figures was the innovative idea that Northcliffe came up with, which was to charge rates for advertising based on the size of the circulation. Whereas previously the advertisement rates were charged by the amount of space taken up to print that advert (per column inches), Northcliffe charged advertisers for every 1000 readers, and therefore creating a major link between publications and advertising for the present and the inevitably the long term (Williams: 1998: 59). Through this increase in advertising revenue, Northcliffe was able to increase circulation through the cutting of the cost of the paper and hence came up with the well-remembered slogan of the Daily Mail, the penny paper for half a penny. Large-scale advertising led to a major revamp in Northcliffes Daily Mail becoming the first to break up the column style of traditional newspaper appearance (Williams: 1998: 59). Newspaper Composition and Journalistic Techniques Through Northcliffes significant contribution in providing what seems to be an almost eternal link between advertising and newspapers, he also changed the way in which a newspaper is structured, its composition, and the journalistic news values and techniques that were employed by the then present day journalists. Prior to the beginning of the Northcliffe Revolution all newspaper advertisements were of a classified nature and were rigidly placed within columns. Northcliffe saw the possibility of development in this area of newspaper composition and so even though attempts to break up the column format were strongly resisted, his Daily Mail newspaper was the first to allow whole page advertisements, with department store Selfridges being the most notable in 1924 (Murdock Golding: 1977: 131).

ABB OUTSOURCING TO IBM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

ABB OUTSOURCING TO IBM - Essay Example Most of the tasks that are outsourced are considered to be core to the business. Tasks such as billing, pay roll and data entry are some of the services that are outsourced to other companies. Outsourcing involves signing contracts that can last for many years and can also involve a lot of money. There are some very well known outsourcing companies or service providers across the world. IBM is one of the best known of the service providers who offer outsourcing services to other companies. One of the recent contracts that the company signed was with the Swedish company ABB. At the time when it was outsourcing its IT services, ABB had been suffering from serious financial problems. The executives decided to outsource the services as they thought that this would greatly help to lower the production cost incurred by the company. The company executives settled on IBM since it is a top player in the Information technology field (ABB Press Release, 2003). Being a Swedish company, ABB decided to use an international company that is based in the US. This off shoring agreement was valued at 1.1 million dollars. IBM was supposed to perform IT related services for ABB for ten years, as from the year 2003. IBM took over the IT infrastructure in ABB’s 14 stations in Europe and North America. This represent around 90% of Client Company’s IT based infrastructure. IBM was tasked with the duties of server management as well as the management of personal computers, operating systems, help desks and corporate networks that were part of the larger ABB group (The Hindu, 2002). IBM is a multinational company that deals with IT services among other things. This means that they have the machinery to ensure that all IT operations work out as they are supposed to. This explains ABB’s confidence in choosing IBM as the ideal company to carry out its IT functions. Different organizations have a variety

Cars body parts Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cars body parts - Research Proposal Example Diesel or gasoline†¦ all are questions which deserve answers if you are looking for your best and most cost-efficient solution (Brain). The biggest questions to answer are the choice of gasoline or diesel engines. The former can be less expensive to buy, but poorer fuel economy can result in higher costs and even a lower resale value. Diesel engines once had a reputation as being smelly, noisy and having poor performance. Recent improvements in diesel engine technology, including high-pressure ‘common rail’ techniques, have improved all of these former drawbacks, and made diesels both more efficient and more powerful than similar-sized gasoline engines. The issue with diesel engines is that they can be more expensive than gasoline engines. A car buyer must therefore ask himself â€Å"am I going to drive a lot or a little with this car?† Drive a lot, and a diesel’s extra expense could be offset by lower fuel costs. You probably know that the power train is everything that transmits power to the driving wheels. The engine is part of the power train—that’s where the power originates. But before the power gets to the wheels, it must be geared down to apply that power: that’s where the gearbox, or transmission, come into play. The transmission takes the spinning mass powered by the engine and converts it to useful energy at a useful speed (PowerTrains). If you are stopped at an intersection, for example, the power train allows the engine to continue running despite the fact that your car is not moving. As soon as the light turns green and you step off the brake, the automatic transmission chooses first gear and allows you to move smoothly away from the intersection. As you increase your speed, the automatic transmission selects a higher gear—both to improve fuel economy and to keep the engine from over revving. When you finally reach highway speeds, the