History of the Public Smoking Ban

History of the Public Smoking BanThe emergence of public smoke ban can be backdated to 1590 when Pope Urban VII threatened to excommunicate anyone who took any form of baccy inside a church. Afterwards different European cities enacted fume bans. Modern, countrywide tobacco plant plant ban was oblige in Germany during the rein of Adolf Hitler. In the sunset years of the 20th century, second-hand health related to risks of tobacco smoking became more publicized. united with restrictions on buns advertising and fear of tax losses, the tobacco industry embarked on campaigns aimed at tolerance and courtesy to melt off the heightened tension between tobacco user and non-smokers, whilst eluding issues related smoking ban.Over the years, laws implementing bans on outdoor smoking have been enacted by many countries in various ways. The Irish government became the outgrowth country to do so. In one form or a nonher, is also has been enacted in countries such as USA, Norway, Net herlands, Romania, Sweden, South Africa, United Kingdom and Australia. The World health Organization (1997) survey on tobacco control policies reported that a vast majority of countries numbering to 134 now have close to form of restriction on smoking in public places.The underlying explanations cited for smoking bans in public places has much been safeguarding of the society from the its detrimental effects, which allow in increased risks of cancer, heart disease, and other acute and chronic diseases. The implementers have frequently put forward scientific evidence showing that tobacco smoking is harmful to the smokers and to those inhaling second-hand smoke. Air quality has often been advocated by the public one of the advantages of smoking ban.For this reason, the basis for smoking ban rationale relates to normative economics. Normative economics entails esteem judgements about what the economy ought to be like or what particular policy measures ought to be undertaken to ac hieve a desirable objective. Since normative economics looks into the appropriateness of particular aspects of the economy, it advocates for economic policies. In this case, the value desirable culture aims at reducing health care costs and improve productivity and create job opportunities, trendd risk of fire, cleanliness in places where pabulum are hand conduct, potential cutback on energy (decreased ventilation needs), reduced quantities of litter, make it easier for smokers to quit, and to promote healthier environments.Although restrictions attributed to smoking ban are primarily intended to reduce exposure to second hand smoke, it is most likely that there get out be a simplification in smokers chance to indulge. This whitethorn lead to earthshaking reductions in cigarettes smoked and consequently the cost of smoking Chaloupka and Warner ( two hundred0). In particular go away be the smokers working or mostly spend most of the fourth dimension within the Central Busine ss District (CBD) of N commitobi where the smoking ban law is stringent as compared to the suburban. In Ireland, for example, it is said that approximately 7,000 smokers are estimate to have quit in the first six months after imposition.What does this imply? First of all it is essential to acknowledge that cigarettes as products have inelastic bring. tobacco is the raw product for cigarettes and contains nicotine an addictive substance that has no close substitutes. According to Curbing the Epidemic (The World Bank, 1999), elasticity of cigarette ranges on an average of (-0.4) though it varies from region to region, and from study to study. With this simple observation, it therefore implies that the total quantities of cigarettes consumed by each individual continuing smoker ordain decline, ceteris paribas. This means, that there was an inward shift in demand for cigarettes after the implementation of the ban. Figure 2 demonstrates this implication of shift in demand. Before the enactment of the smoking ban, the consumers demand curve was D1 and the amount dog-tired totaled to Kshs. 100.00 as depicted by the shaded area (OABF). After the enactment, the demand shifted to D2, hence the consumer total expenditure was Kshs. 50.00 as shown by the area (OACE). Economists have often referred to this phenomenon as non-price measures to reduce demand on cigarette.The imposition of smoking ban in the proximity of Kenyas county councils and municipalities includes all workplaces (private and public), businesses and public places (indoor and outdoor) with the exception of restaurants which have been obliged to designate special smoking zones. In the Nairobi for example, there are only three spots in the Central Business District (CBD) allocated smoking zones which do non sufficiently address the needs of all smokers. This ban comes in at the time when the tobacco manufacturing industry BAT Kenya Ltd. has been pushed to a threshold take as a closure of tough regula tion on advertisement campaign.What will the consumer do with the rest of the money saved? Since the consumer will be conservation Kshs. 50.00, daily it will sum up to Kshs. 1,500.00 per month. This would definitely affect the cigarette position on the consumers budget line, assuming the income remains the same. In the Neoclassical economics, the goal of consumer behavior is utility maximization ( self-consistent with maximization of net benefits). This means that the marginal utility of the last Shilling spent on the last cigarette will be equal to the marginal utility of the last Shilling spent on any other good (equimargin principle). To get a better evince of this situation, let assume the followingBefore smoking ban After smoking banIncome Kshs.30,000Kshs.30,000Expenditure on cigarettesKshs. 3,000Kshs. 1,500Amount spent on others Kshs.27,000Kshs.28,500 control panel 1 Cigarette smokers budget before and after banFigure 2 shows the smokers (consumer) budget line. Since the con sumer is constrained by it the budget line, the new law will offsprings into an outward movement along the budget line of the expenditure dedicated to smoking relative to what is spent on others.The implication is that the extra money derived from the reduction of smoking will be substituted and spent on others. This may at times result into some level of decrease in demand for subscript goods. Maybe the smoker will buy a gift for his wife or girlfriend, some items for himself, indulge in other activities such as beer alcohol addiction to divert from the affects of the smoking ban. In an interesting scenario would be where the consumer will be end up spending on expensive cigarettes since the consumer may want to maximize on utility.The smoking ban carries along with it requirements that the hospitality sector (hotels, casinos, bars and restaurants) has to designate regions for smokers and non-smokers. In addition it would be a not be a surprise to observe no-smoking and smoking r elated signs in these places. This will have a twofold effect which can also be viewed from the point of opportunity cost of smoking on businesses (due to the fact that the new decree is at times not bandaged and may be up to the business to decide condescension them knowing of the legal risks involved). One will be on the businesses that will follow the decree. These businesses may benefit from the fact that they may not lose on some non-smoking clientele base, but lose on some smokers who may avoid these places due to the pinching effect of the ban. The second would be businesses that would not completely adhere to the decree and may loose on clientele that may not appreciate the fact that they are not being acknowledged, but gain from smokers who may feel that they are not being restricted. In general, economic loss will be experience in varying businesses in the hospitality sector. These includeThe imposing of smoking ban will reduce pollution causing activities since the poll uters, that is, smokers will be affected. This will result into increased levels of purified or cleanliness of the air. Unfortunately this does not come free. In economics any improvement linked to the environment has both benefits and costs to the society. There exists a trade-off between how much improvement is gained and how much money is used. This can be demonstrated by bringing together marginal benefits and marginal costs into one figure to provide some indication of the exchange and determine how amicablely in effect(p) is the environmental improvement. What economists term as the socially efficient quantity of pollution means that social benefits will be maximized when pollution is reduced to a certain point. Unfortunately, too much pollution reduction is too costly for us to undertake. In the case of smoking ban in Kenya, net social benefits can be determined by the difference between total benefit (TB) and total cost (TC)why? For example in the demand and supply curve, consumer surplus is can be determined by the area above the market price (equilibrium) and below the demand curve, which is similar to our case above. The implications would be that there will be a positive social benefit as results of smoking ban and clean air due to movement from MC1 to MC2This law will entail some long term implication in that it will prevent the youth from smoking at an early stage, as there will be lesser number of people exposed to the perils of smoking. Hence this will greatly benefit the society in terms of reduced levels of current and mostly essentially, the future generation. Furthermore, restrictions on smoking may change the perceived norms related to smoking by changing attitudes concerning the social acceptability of smoking (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994).Evidence has shown that hospital admissions related to heart attacks the cases of dropped due to enactment of the ban. For example, after the smoking ban was imposed 2003 in Pu eblo, Colorado USA heart attacked cases dropped by 27% while neighbouring towns where the ban was not introduced showed no change. Also a survey conducted in Scotland showed that smoking ban has some positive mend on health. The research revealed that massive health gain as a result of smoking ban. So not only will individual Kenyan smokers benefit in terms of better health (since some would quit while the continuing smokers will reduce indulging) but also potential second hand smokers (such as bar workers and those who spend considerable time with the smokers).Net social benefit (NB) = Total usefulness (TB) Total Cost (TC) NB = TB TCIn economics, net benefits are maximized where marginal benefit equals marginal cost (MB = MC). The same applies for socially efficient point that occurs where MB = MC and the point where they interact (MB and MC), maximum net social benefits is realized. This is demonstrated in figure 3 where as a result of the imposition of smoking ban MC1 shifts to MC2, causing the equilibrium to change from E1 to E2.Since smoking ban results to E2, then net social benefits is computed asNSB = A + B + C CNSB = A + BLoss of revenueLoss of actual employmentA decline in wages and salary paymentsBesides the cigarette manufacturers, the impact of a ban is expected to trickle down the industry chain. This includes the tobacco farmers. In Kenya, there are 300,000 farmers involved in growing of tobacco leaves, which means that there would likely be a reduction in revenue on their side. This will result into some of them halting the growing the tobacco leaves and looking for other substitution to their farming. The fear of being phased out is another determining factor on the future volumes (tobacco leaves) produced unless the tobacco industries takes alternative measures to increase it unlike exports and counter local market situation, hence ensure no decline in local quantities of tobacco leaves demand.It is obvious that the reduction of health risks will result into less expenditure that the government will spend of health care in the long run. This ensures improved productivity which will boost the production casualty frontier (PPT). Others benefits to the government include gains in terms of less energy used for ventilation needs and possibilities of increased investment.One would expect that the government revenue would be reduced from the drop in taxes gained from the manufacturing industries, tobacco farmers and the hospitality. Unfortunately this does not seem to be the case. In June 2007, a month before the enactment of the ban, the Kenyan government increased the Sin-Taxes. It seems that the government had counter measures of reducing any chances of future loss of revenue in anticipation of the ban in Junly 2007. For this reason, then it appears that the stakeholders (smokers and related industries) took the overall burden. However, the government will need to create more job opportunities for loss in employment. In addition, government will have to give subsidies to tobacco farmers since the new law will reduce their income and discourage them to continue farming.Since cigarettes contain the addictive substance called nicotine, some smokers may not be able to in conclusion quit. This may prompt the government to initiate surrogate smoking programs such smoking cessation.One would expect that the new law will impact on the valuation of the tobacco industries. This is definitely true since there was an initial drop in the stock price of BAT stock in the NSE nowadays after the ban was enacted. According to The East African, it is estimated that the BAT stocks in the NSE lost Ksh3.5 billion ($48.6 million) in a period of one year. BAT share prices dropped from Kshs. 200 per share to Kshs. 165.00, the lowest during that trading period. In spite of this, today, the stock price has stabilized. This can be owed to the fact that the short run production was affected which led to market speculatio ns of the uncertainty of the BAT in the long run. However, BAT did take counter measures of expanding its foreign market hence giving assurance of long run. Currently, harmonise to Business Daily, so far the BAT shares at the NSE have been stable despite further series of smoking bans by other local authorities. This is consistent with economics of production where all the fixed factors of production are inconstant in the long run hence ensuring some level of return to surpass just as BAT has done to ensure it stays in production. Contrarily, in the short run, a firm is only able to change the variable factors and not fixed factors just as the stock prices of BAT reflect in short run versus long run.

Example Answers to Questions on Ethical Behaviour

Example Answers to capitulums on respectable BehaviourMy view is that, ethical behavior will pay off in long run. Even though it might take few years d avow the track for the ships company to pay off. Ethical behavior is basically an individuals view of what is right or what is wrong. Ethical behavior is used inside and outside of the headache environment. We withal make ethical decision in our daily life. tout ensemble human bes are behaving ethically from their own point of view, which also might differ from culture to culture or short letter environment.In our daily lifestyle, ethical behavior has passed on in every culture generation by generation, which seems it pays off.Ethical behaviors in a clearplace are based on the combination factor depending on their ideas. The ideas of effect environment ethics is related to how people who buy the farm for and who run the occupancy applies their perception of right and wrong in a way they conduct the business . It is good fo r the company and the companies product to maintain its value at the same time retain standard. This would happen, if the company stand its foot on the ethical behavior. All the existing companies should choose to be comport ethically to keep their affinity between their customers and co workers. This is very important in businesses now twenty-four hourss to increase their sales of product and services. All the business should maintain first class service.Being ethical also refrains from the companies design or by product also being spoiled and it also keeps the customers happy. But if the draw of the company or the manager misleads the employees or the shaping in a wrong direction, than the rewards bad behavior. Some of these unethical behaviors that are done by the drawing cards in a bad geological formation could be lying, cheating and stealing. Even though by lying or cheating might not be a loss for the company, but its like taking the organization and its products and s ervices to a major risk. To run a good ethical behavior organization one must ensure that the leaders abide by the rules and regulation of the particular organization. And the leaders should entertain the same ethical thinking of what the organization has.The risks of the organization could take place by running businesses by unethical manners are as follows-Loss of customers mischievous name of the organization in the existing society.Prevents the organisation from growingBankruptcyRisk of being sued.Breach of consumer responsibility.Loss of good employees.In an organization, employees should form a system to solve any ethical problem that arises with the help of leaders and the managers. As a leader the first step is to specify the appropriate behaviors not just by words but also by your action.To prevent unethical dilemma at a workplace the manager or the leader should provide employees with proper training during the orientation.If you want to make sure your workplace is a goo d role model of an ethical behavior (doing what is right) the leaders of the organization should ensure the employees continue to follow the rules that are laid out throughout the entity. While it is hard for a company to write almost of the simple rules and regulations as long as the general rules are given out, so the company should ask to live by the response of the behavior that they make unethically and tone down them accountable for doing so.According to the workforce in todays business culture all individuals should be prepared to deal with stressful situation. Such as when employees are caught for doing preliminary unethical decision they start blaming the victim (he was stupid enough to fall for it), and finger pointing (she does the same matter, and you never call her on it) will not be tolerated. To make sure that the unethical behaviour does not arise, therefore companys written rule is compulsory for every individual. Also all the rules should be clear liberal to u nderstand, and posted to notice board. Even though it is easy to understand the ethical and unethical behaviour thats why the rules make for employees should be memorized. This is how your business locoweed get under ones skin its way through the gray areas, and the way out on the other end of the tunnel.My past job was also a great picture that the ethical behaviour does pay off in long run. This was when I was choke in Sydney. I met Brian Hussain, who was very keen on opening up his own business in a car detailing. He told me that he was going to offer me a job of a manager, since i had two years experience in the detailing of cars. So i took his offer since the income offered to me was great. Brian Hussain spoke to the owner of Premier Parking, which is well subsistn in Australia, to go partners with him in 1998. They both came to an placement and decided to open up the detailing shop by the name off elect(ip) Car Care in May 1998. The first elite Car Care was opened in t he parking lot of Leichardt mall, Sydney. So i started working from the first day of the opening, business was running a cunt slow since most people were not aware of it that the car laundry was in the parking lot. Months went past and the business started to make progress, by the end of 1998. The disturbance was almost three times more than what we usually use to make. And the workers were really good but the only issue i had that they had a student work permit with only 20 hours of work availability. Since the Car Wash was open for 7 days, it was important for me to have at least four staffs every day except Mondays. Weekends use to be the most busy days of the week, and in order to get the work done I had to ask the employees to do unornamented hours, which the students 20 hours were exceeded. The immigration was ok with the students if they went over the 20 hour to 23 hours, as long as they dont repeat it often.Brian Hussain, use to come around the work place almost every af ternoon just to check up on the hours of the staffs and the sale we did throughout the day. So what Brian Hussain was, cutting down the hours of work the students did to 20 hours even if they worked till 22 to 23 hours. What was done by Brian Hussain was wrong, but i really couldnt do much since he was the boss. The actions of Brian Hussian, made the workers leave, which also made us loss some of our really good customers. Because the work was not done properly and the time frame that the customers had to wait for their vehicles to be cleaned was also stretched.In 1999 i arranged a meeting with Brian Hussain and his partner in the business, who was the owner of premier car park. I told him that the decisions that Brain Hussian made was not ethical and it also affected our business in a great loss. I also suggested that on the busy days of the week if the workers work really hard and move through there lunch to get the work done we should give them a bonus or reward for their effort contributed to the car wash. They knew it will be some extra expenses for the business, but they agreed to do as i suggested.After these changes were made there was a great progress and growth in the business environment, even the workers were satisfied to what the rules that was laid by the organization. By the mid 1999 the turnover was so good that Brian Hussain and his partner decided to open another car wash in Double Bay, which i know was a great idea, because the people that lived there are rich and drive expensive cars.And by the end of 1999 Elite Car Care had a great name in the market of car wash, which made the old customer that we lost in Leichardt to come back to us. This is why i strongly suggest that ethical behaviour pay off in long run and also maintains a healthy relationship with the customers and employees. It is also said what goes around comes back around this is a true saying and I deal to stand by it.Referenceshttp//www.suite101.com/content/ethics-in-the-mod ern-workplace-a32979http//www.asla.org/nonmembers/publicrelations/pressreleases/press071801.htmhttp//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_July_20/ai_76649894/Question 2Societys impact will be reflected by the ethical leaders, how the decisions are made and they need to be people oriented. Leaders are there to posit an moral in an organisation and by doing that they resolve the negative impact on the society. Leaders show ethical behaviour by doing right thing and at the same time they help to motivate the followers. They also help the followers achieve the moral knowledge to its highest peak. In reality ethical leaders cover more encouragement of ethical behaviour. For example, repeating the ethical behaviour programs in their daily life. By being ethical the society helps the base of the business environment to be strong and steady. Right condition should be created by ethical leaders and also organisational culture to encourage the development of ethical behaviour. With a good ethics a leader smoke convince the world.Society has been represented by a leader or leaders at several(predicate) levels for e.g can be city, town, village, industry, club, association, country, etc. Such as USA is well known of its power and ethical behaviour, which is unmatchable leader in the world. Another example would be an American leader sent the USA army to Iraq to resolve the conflict they had in Iraq.The lack of corporation and support by the leaders can have a great negative impact on the society and the environment both. This could also result in the rise of crime, corruption, pollution, and well-disposed conflict. Todays people piece the leaders for things they have negative impact on the society reason being lack of faith on the leader. For example the voters of Canada no longer believe that their leaders are honest. More than half the people have researched by the British Columbia, which said the government is making their life worst.Being an ethical lead er its not just making, doing the jobs that makes the business benefit, but it also must be equally benefit for the people and the society. To complete accurate information through roadway leaders need to suggest on professional, personal and legal grounds. By doing this you will have a peace of mind and have no offense as well as having a respect for the administration of employees. A leader being unethical doesnt just have a impact on the employees but also on the society. If this happens, it could result in a big collapse. One of the great examples that was using a unethical behaviour and then collapsed, is Enron.We can also describe ethical leadership as an trustworthy also describe ethical leaders transparent, honest and trustworthy culture that would later on help them achieve long lasting position of leaders in their groups, nations and organisations. Great example would be a well known person from India his name is Mahatma Gandhi for his great leadership style.In todays g eneration everybody expects the leaders to have the ethical behaviour and values in the society. By having such a large human action of population its hard to separate the evil ones from the good ones. Thats why it gets hard to stay ethical and honest in the world of competition. To improve the ethical leadership in the business environment it is important to introduce ethical from the top first.A leader with ethical behaviour is also a part of social creditworthy organisation at different levels, which includes legal, economic, and ethical. If a company cannot look after its legal and economics responsibilities then it is not socially responsible. Sometimes company need to do more than it is required to have good impact on the business and in society too. To become more socially responsible a company needs to examine its ethical actions. Apparently company should strives in order to provide ethical treatment to all stakeholders away from shareholders. If the organisation allows th eir employees and the community in the decision making process as stakeholders then this will have a great impact to reduce negative and at the same time improve the positive outcome for each group. By doing this it also improves the companies action becomes more and more socially responsible.For a leader to have a ethical behaviour in a business organisation, his own thoughts and ethical behaviour should match with the business and society. In todays society leaders should know what kind of behaviour either positive or negative impact on others and the people around them. An ethical leader also helps the business to have a better and healthy communication between the business and society.Some of the good examples of how ethical leaders or an organisation helps the society are as follows-Disaster Relief whereby for example telecom provide a support to society by proving resources and working twenty four hours , seven days to recompense communication to homes and businesses. While w orking to restore the communication, telecom also provide free calls diverts to all customers and also a free wireless broadband in society.It is also a good thing that a society benefits from ethical behaviour of an organisation because the employees are part of the society.

Capital Punishment Essay: Its Fair and Effective -- Argumentative Pe

Capital Punishment - Its Fair and Effective Confronting head-on two of the well-nigh prominent objections to the death penalty is the object of this paper Is the death penalty a miscarriage of justice? And Does it Deter Crime? Its a miscarraige of justice. In a survey Professors Hugo Adam Bedau and Michael Radelet found that 7000 persons were executed in the United States between 1900 and 1985 and that 35 were innocent of capital crimes (1). Among the innocents they list Sacco and Vanzetti as well as Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. Although their data may be questionable, I do not doubt that, over a long enough period, miscarriages of justice will occur even in capital cases. Despite precautions, nearly all human activities, such as trucking, lighting, or construction, cost the lives of some innocent bystanders. We do not give up these activities, because the advantages, moral or material, outweigh the unintended losses (2). Analogously, for those who figure the death penalty just, miscarriages of justice are offset by the moral benefits and the usefulness of doing justice. For those who think death penalty unjust even when it does not miscarry, miscarriages can hardly be decisive. Is it a deterrent? Despite much recent work, there has been no conclusive statistical demonstration that the death penalty is a better deterrent than are alternative punishments (3). However, deterrence is less than decisive for either side. around abolitionists acknowledge that they would continue to favor abolition even if the death penalty were shown to deter more murders than alternatives could deter (4). Abolitionists appear to value the life of a convicted manslayer or, at least, his non-execution, more highly than they v... ...n, however just, of murderers. But although there is a lively discussion of the subject, not serious evidence exists to support the hypothesis that executions develop a higher murder rate. Cf. Phllips, the deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment N ew Evidence on an Old Controversy, 86 Am. J. Soc. 139 (1980) (arguing that murder rate drop immediately after executions of criminals). 6 H. Gross, A Theory of Criminal Justice 489 (1979) (attributing this passage to Sir James Fitzjames Stephen). 7 Weems v. United States, 217 U.S. 349 (1910) suggest that penalties be symmetric to the seriousness of the crime - a common theme in criminal law. Murder, therefore, demands more that life imprisonment. In modern times, our sensibility requires that the float of punishments be narrower than the range of crime - but not so narrow as to exclude the death penalty.

Essay --

Compare how Shakespeare and Hardy present situations where their characters know and kinships are influenced by the need to uphold appearances within society, with particular deferred payment to Othello and Tess of the dUrbervillesThis essay will look for the social interactions between characters, the effects of appearance on their relationships and how this drives them to make certain decisions. This includes how the claustrophobia of their society is portrayed and its effects by dint of form, style and literary techniques. All 4 texts explore the conflict between public and private selves. In Othello , Shakespeare reveals the taboo surrounding an interracial sexual relationship between a black domain and a white woman during the Sixteenth Century. In Hardys Nineteenth Century novel Tess of the dUrbervilles , we see the clash between sexuality, laws and codes of the time. I will compare these texts to The Franklins Tale and Pride and Prejudice , looking at how the rigid co des of courtly love impact on male and feminine behaviour within relationships and how the social and cultural attitudes and values of Regency England influence young women in their marriage choices. In twain primary texts, the parents of the main characters struggle with the invest of exogomein and endogomein. In Othello, Brabantio adopts a motherly role, guiding Desdemona towards an acceptable marriage. Yet the marriage she chooses is exogamous. Brabantio sees through Othellos high rank, lofty blood and Christianity, casting a dominate over the relationship between Othello and his daughter due to Othellos skin colour, unacceptable within that Venetian society. Desdemona lives within a patriarchal society and is objectified and commodified. Brabantio strugg... ...entally to delimitation out her demise. Empathy is felt for her as she realises self-worth is the polar opposite to the superficiality of social standing. She finds peace of mind and is reunited with Angel, when Har dy tears her away with death, typical of tragedy. Othellos array role and social worth do not majorly affect his relationship. Instead, Iagos ruthless self-interest in enhancing his protest appearance within society and neutrality in the welfare of others, kindles the doubt between Othello and Desdemona. The relationships that collapse are those of the characters whose judgments fail them as another controls them. From the study of these both texts and reference to Pride and Prejudice and The Franklins Tale, we can now see that it is more strength of self and mind, than efforts to uphold an appearance, which affects love and relationships within all the texts. turn up -- Compare how Shakespeare and Hardy present situations where their characters love and relationships are influenced by the need to uphold appearances within society, with particular reference to Othello and Tess of the dUrbervillesThis essay will explore the social interactions between characters, the effects of appearance on their relationships and how this drives them to make certain decisions. This includes how the claustrophobia of their society is portrayed and its effects through form, style and literary techniques. All four texts explore the conflict between public and private selves. In Othello , Shakespeare reveals the taboo surrounding an interracial sexual relationship between a black man and a white woman during the Sixteenth Century. In Hardys Nineteenth Century novel Tess of the dUrbervilles , we see the clash between sexuality, laws and codes of the time. I will compare these texts to The Franklins Tale and Pride and Prejudice , looking at how the rigid codes of courtly love impact on male and female behaviour within relationships and how the social and cultural attitudes and values of Regency England influence young women in their marriage choices. In both primary texts, the parents of the main characters struggle with the practice of exogomein and endogomei n. In Othello, Brabantio adopts a motherly role, guiding Desdemona towards an acceptable marriage. Yet the marriage she chooses is exogamous. Brabantio sees through Othellos high rank, royal blood and Christianity, casting a shadow over the relationship between Othello and his daughter due to Othellos skin colour, unacceptable within that Venetian society. Desdemona lives within a patriarchal society and is objectified and commodified. Brabantio strugg... ...entally to mete out her demise. Empathy is felt for her as she realises self-worth is the polar opposite to the superficiality of social standing. She finds peace of mind and is reunited with Angel, when Hardy tears her away with death, typical of tragedy. Othellos military role and social worth do not majorly affect his relationship. Instead, Iagos ruthless self-interest in enhancing his own appearance within society and disinterest in the welfare of others, kindles the doubt between Othello and Desdemona. The relationships th at collapse are those of the characters whose judgments fail them as another controls them. From the study of these two texts and reference to Pride and Prejudice and The Franklins Tale, we can now see that it is more strength of self and mind, than efforts to uphold an appearance, which affects love and relationships within all the texts.

mission statement analysis :: essays research papers

Analysis Of Mission StatementsByGroup V-(Sankalp)Anupam Jha(51/04)Rahul Jhamb(53/04)Gitartha Bhuyan(57/04)Bikash TewariMunesh ShyamFMSMissionAcademic purity and leadership in university based heed education in India by means of proud quality teaching, research, case development, innovative courses and pedagogy of learning.FMSs vision is to provide world class management education in India through high quality teaching, research, innovative courses & state of the art pedagogy tools. To create leaders for the future that will take India to new heights. To be seen as an institute whose students give up sound principles and ethics in them.ComponentsScore1. Customers12. Products/Services33. Geographic Markets34. Technology25. Concern for excerption26. school of thought17. Public word picture18. Employees19. Distinctive Competence1Average Score1.66IMI,delhiMissionIMI, India provides a world-class, internationally oriented management education with a difference in content, delivery , focus, presence and students. ComponentsScore1. Customers12. Products/Services33. Geographic Markets24. Technology25. Concern for Survival16. school of thought17. Public Image18. Employees19. Distinctive Competence2Average Score1.55IIM AhemadabadMissionIIMAs mission is to encourage India and other developing countries improve their managerial practices both in the private and in the public sectors, and adopt superior public policies. It seeks to do this through producing risk-taking leader-managers who will pioneer new managerial practices and set new standards through producing teachers and researchers who will generate new ideas of International significance and through purposeful consulting aimed at fate client organizations scale new heights. ComponentsScore1. Customers12. Products/Services23. Geographic Markets24. Technology15. Concern for Survival36. Philosophy17. Public Image28. Employees29. Distinctive Competence2Average Score1.77LBSIM, delhiMissionTo develop a center o f excellence for value based management and information technology, education and research comparable with the best in the world through continous learning, societal responsiveness and strategic confederation with the industry.ComponentsScore1. Customers12. Products/Services33. Geographic Markets14. Technology15. Concern for Survival36. Philosophy27. Public Image28. Employees19. Distinctive Competence1Average Score1.66IIFT, DelhiMissionTo globally strengthen, sustain and professionalise business knowledge through seminal research and teaching and learning and by integrating with organisations, institutions and universities both within and beyond national boundary.

Energy Demand Essay -- Environment, Green Energy

This year, the world is predicted to burn through some thirty-one billion barrel of oil, six billion tons of coal, and a hundred trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and producing over thirty tons of carbon dioxide. Nobody really knows when the survive drop of oil, lump of coal or cubic foot of natural gas provide be collected from the Earth. All of it will depend on how well we manage our talent demands along with how well we can develop and use our renewable energy sources (Kolbert 349).Green energy can also be referred to as renewable energy, which requires less maintenance compared to non-renewable sources of energy (Ellis 66). Fuel for the renewable sources of energy comes from natural resources such as wind, reducing costs of production. This paper will highlight the major advantages of green energy. California was one of the first states to develop utility-scaled wind farms, and until 2000 had more wind farms than all countries combined. Furthermore, according to the U.S. Department of Energy, Californias wind power plants offset the emission of more that 2.5 billion pounds of carbon dioxide and 15 million pounds of other pollutants that would have been produced. Wind energy is most preferred because it has no waste products. Currently, California has more than 13,000 wind turbines generating electricity, of those 13,000 or 95 percent are located in three main areas (1) Altamont Pass, (2) Tehachapi, and (3) San Gorgonio. According to U.S. secretarial assistant of the Interior Ken Salazar, Wind power is a key(s) to Americas clean energy future (AWEA 2011). In addition, A. Solway from Renewable Resources stated that, renewable energy is pro-environment being ranked as the cleanest source of green energy and does not in any ... ...nd. However, setting up the offshore turbines has been quite challenging, as resettlement of people has been a hot topic that has propped up many challenges (Twidell and Wier 76). Aside from all the positive aspects of wind turbines one of the largest arguments against turbines is the large number of bird and thrash about fatalities that are attributed to windmills during their migration. The birds and bats are dieing due by flying into the blades on the windmills. Taking this into account some of the measures, the green power indus elbow grease has taken to try an avoid any further impact on the wildlife. One of the steps is replacing old turbines with new ones, which produce more energy. According to the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, that by comparison to communication towers, oil spills, feral cats that a very small fraction of birds is actually killed by wind related causes.

Humanism: Dangerous Illusion, Desperate Faith or Duty of Time? :: Education Learning Philosophy Papers

Humanism Dangerous Illusion, Desperate Faith or Duty of Time?Abstract In antiquity, the nous of padeia organically joined learning and preparation. In todays existence it remains the essence of culture. However, philosophy is now characterized by a spirit of pragmatism that correlates present-day necessarily with actual sociocultural trends. Humanism can seem today nothing more than an illusion, an unrealizable utopia. Nevertheless, philosophy in its educative role should shape a attitude to life that is not only deep and universal but humanistic as well. The present congress, developing the themes of the previous one (The mankind at the turning-point), concretizes them, marking a special role of philosophy in education of humanity. In this aspect reference to the antique paideia notion, organically combining education and upbringing, is not casual. The motto of the last philosophical congress in this century grasps the tendencies and needs of culture which begun to show of late. Thats what is the prerogative of philosophy as a perm watchman, guardian of culture.He is so historically, socially and culturally determined that humanity greets a turn of centuries, the so more of millennia, jubilating and worrying at the analogous time. The situation so fraught with possibilities and dangers if not satisfied may lead to crush of the mankind that has proved bankrupt. We have found ourselves in the bifurcation process admitting as well the end of history in its most tragic sense.Philosophy plays the most important part in formation, basing of new values, innoticing emerging trends, choice of arising variants.Reflexing over culture as a whole philosophy allows to correlate the needs and potenties of the current moment with actual trends. Combining the prognostic and projective functions philosophy forms the sprouts of new world outlooks and conditions of natural refusal of obsolete, out of date ones. This role is not conspicuous philosophical thought must be re ady for the fact that penetrates public consciousness incomplete directly nor immediately, but implicitly, gradually, embracing the most diversified spheres of spiritual activity and only in long time achieving the status of the spiritual objectivized. So much more comprehensive, deep and prolonged its impact is. It has been correctly stated that these were Kant and Hegel who had the most influence over their contemporaries minds (so few of them actually knew their works, at that). Well-known is Martin Luther Kings role in stopping the Vietnam war, changing the whole mentality of the American nation, not so long ago allowing witchhunt and racism.